Unitary: The power is with the central govt. The laws are passed by the centre. These are passed to the state govt., which is a subrdinate to the centre.
Federal: Both the central and the state govt. has equal powers and have to report to the same legislature. Regional govts. exist but are not subordinate to the central govt.

Check revision notes here : https://mycbseguide.com/cbse-revision-notes.html

Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne.

Duke Metternich was an Austrian Chancellor. He was born on 15th May 1773.  When the treaty of Vienna was drawn up by Russia, Britain, Austria and Prussia, he was responsible to held the meeting. He took a prominent part in Congress of Vienna and dominated the European politics from 1814 to 1848. He acted as the restorer of the 'Old Regime' and the reconstruction of Europe after the Napoleonic wars. After the fall of the imperial government in 1848, he fled to England, and in 1851, he retired to his castle in Rhine.

The stories of Belgium and Sri Lanka reveal that in spite of being the democratic countries both countries dealt with the power sharing differently like :

•  In Belgium the leaders realised that the unity of the country is possible only by respecting the feelings and interests of different communities and regions. Such a realisation resulted in mutually acceptable arrangements for sharing power.
•  Contrary to it, Sri Lanka shows that if a majority community wants to force its dominance over others and refuses to share power, it can undermine the unity of the country.

(i) Judiciary with the supreme court at the apex is the sole interpreter of Indian federalism.
(ii) It plays a pivotal role in the implementation of constitutional provisions and procedures.
(iii) Judiciary administers both the union and state laws which are applicable to the cases coming up for adjudication.
(iv) The disputes about the division of powers are settled by the High courts and Supreme court.
Hence, judiciary is considered as the guardian of the Indian federalism.

“Indian federalism” is formed by “Holding Together” nature of federalism. It does not give equal powers to its constituent units.
(i) States have not been given identical powers with union government.
(ii) Few states have been given special status—like Jammu and Kashmir and North Eastern States in order to protect and preserve their custom, traditions, cultural and linguistic diversity.
(iii) Apart from these some territories of the Indian , union like Chandigarh, Lakshadweep or the capital city of Delhi.
(iv) These territories are administered by the union government hence known as ‘Union Territories’.

Sri Lanka comprises of various communities and diverse population which signifies its complex ethnicity like;
(i) Sinhala speaking accounts for 74 per cent of total population, enjoys majoritarian status in the country.
(ii) The another community is Tamil speaking which has two sub-groups;
(iii) The Sri Lankan Tamils which account 13 percent. They are the native of Sri Lanka.
(iv) The Indian Tamils account 5 per cent. They are of Indian origin.
(v) About 7 percent are Christians of both Tamil and Sinhaias.
(vi) Rest 1 percent are Muslims.

(i) The issues of ‘majoritarianism’ and financial preference led to the tensions between the Dutch speaking and French speaking communities in Belgium during 1950s and 1960s.
(ii) At the capital city of Brussels, the French speaking community was relatively rich and powerful and used to get the economic and educational benefit.
(iii) This was entirely resented by the Dutch speaking community which led to the tension between communities of Brussels.

The new culture of power sharing developed after 1990 with the rise of regional parties in many states.
• The culture marked the beginning of coalition era.
• The Era of Coalition Government implies that if no single party gets a cfear cut majority in the Lok Sabha, then the major national parties enter into an alliance with many parties including regional parties to form a government at the centre.

The highest institution of the Panchayati Raj in rural areas is the Zila Parishad. The Zila Parishad coordinates the activities of all the Block Samitis in the whole district.

Theravada Buddhism is the official religion of Sri Lanka, with about 70% of the country's population as followers.

Credit should be available at reasonable rates to all so that economic condition of every people who takes the loan will improve. If the interest on credit will increase like in informal credit sector, then people taking the loan for some developmental activities, after earning profits ,will have to spend their maximum income on paying back the high interest rate along with principle amount . Sometimes, person is unable to pay back the loan . This will drag him in dept - trap
As a result , credit instead of increasing his financial condition , let him worse off than before.

The Rowlatt Act of 1919 authorised the British government to arrest and imprison any person without trial and convict him in a court. The authorities could arrest an Indian without a warrant and could conduct his trial in seclusion. Also, the Act implied severe restrictions on movements of individuals and suspension of the Right of Habeas Corpus.

The limits of Civil Disobedience Movement were:

• The Congress ignored the dalits for fear of offending the sanatanis, the conservative high-caste Hindus. Also, Mahatma Gandhi called the untouchables  the children of God.
• Dr B.R. Ambedkar, who organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930, clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for dalits.
• This made the dalit apprehensive regarding the Congress led national movement.
• Decline of the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat movement, made a large section of Muslim feel alienated from the Congress. Thus, the response of Muslim political organisations in India was lukewarm.
• However, Muhammad Jinnah, one of the leaders of the Muslim League, was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates, if Muslims were assured reserved seats in the Central Assembly and representation in proportion to population in the Muslim-dominated provinces (Bengal and Punjab).
• Hence, the start of Civil Disobedience Movement created an atmosphere of suspicion and distrust between communities.

Liberal nationalism in the 19th century stood for freedom, tolerance, equality, individual rights and liberty.

Liberal nationalists were those new middle classes who followed liberal ideology and spread liberalism all over Europe

"The plantation workers in Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj":
(a) For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed.
(b) Swaraj meant retaining a link the village from which they had come.
(c) Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859 plantation workers were not permitted to leave the Tea Gardens without permission.
(d) When the heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement thousands of workers defied the authorities, let the plantations and head home.
(e) They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own village.

In late 19th century India, nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards and they toured villages to gather folk songs and legends. This was done to promote the traditional culture that had been corrupted and damaged by the Western forces. Nationalist thinkers believed that it was essential to preserve this folk tradition in order to discover one’s national identity and restore a sense of pride in one’s past. In Bengal. Rabindranath Tagore began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes and myths, and led the movement for the folk revival.
In Tamil Nadu, Natesa Sastri published a massive four-volume collection of Tamil folk tales, ’The Folklore of Southern India’. He believed that the folklore was national literature, it was ’the most trustworthy manifestation of people’s real thoughts and characteristics’.

Primitive Subsistence Farming: This type of farming is practiced on small patches of land. Primitive tools and family/community labour are used in this type of farming. The farming mainly depends on monsoon and natural fertility of soil. Crops are grown as per the suitability of the environmental condition.

Intensive Subsistence Farming: This type of farming is practiced in densely populated areas. This involves high degree of use of biochemical inputs and irrigation. There is huge pressure of population on this type of farming.

Commercial Farming: This type of farming is done with the sole purpose of selling the farm produce. Various modern inputs are used in this type of farming, e.g. HYV(High Yielding Variety) seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides. Punjab, Haryana, Western UP and some parts of Maharashtra are the areas where commercial farming is done on large scale. However, this type of farming is also done in many other states; like Bihar, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, etc.

1) Gandhiji launched nationwide satyagraha against Rowlatt Act in 1919. This Act had been hurriedly passed despite the united opposition of Indian members.
2) This Act gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities, and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
3) Rallies were organized in various cities, workers went on strike in railway workshops, and shops closed down.
4) Alarmed by the popular upsurge, and scared that lines of communication such as telegraph and railways would be disrupted, the British administration decided to clamp down on nationalists.
5) On 10th April, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession provoking widespread attacks on banks, post offices and railway stations. Martial law was imposed and General Dyer took command.
6) After the brutal killing and massacre of Jallianwala Bagh, violence spread nationwide and as a result, Mahatma Gandhi called off this Rowalatt Satyagraha movement

Large scale participation of women was an important feature of the Civil Disobedience Movement. During the Salt March, thousands of women came out of  their homes to listen to the speeches of Gandhi. women participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail. While women of high caste families participated from urban areas, in rural areas they came from rich peasant households. 
But this did not bring about any radical changes in the positin of women. For a long time the Congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority within the organisation.