1. Marianne : In France, nation was christened as Marianne, a popular Christian name which underlined the idea of a people's nation. Statues of Marianne with red cap, the tricolor and the cockade, were erected at public squares to remind the public of the national symbol of unity. Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps as well.
2. Germania: In Germany, Germania became the allegory of German nation. In visual representations, she is shown wearing a crown of oak leave, as the German oak stands for heroism.

The French Revolution which took place in 1789 had various impact on Europe
(i) The revolution led to the setting up of Jacobin Clubs in different cities of Europe by students and other members of educated middle classes. It further paved the way for the French armies to moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and some parts of Italy in the 1790s. The idea of nationalism began to be carried by French armies.
(ii) Another impact of the revolution was the rise of Napoleon. He took several steps to reform the economy of Europe. The most important among them was the civil code of 1804 which brought the concept of equality of law and uniform laws.
(iii) The main aim of the French Revolutionaries was to liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism. They wanted to help other people of Europe to become nations.

Caste and politics are interrelated in India in many ways , infact they are strongly related or interrelated to each other. castism creates social divisions and these divisions compel the government to create different policies and rules for different castes and settle out the problem. for an instance, let us take the example of SCs and generals in India. SCs are considered a minority group in india whereas generals  are the dominant group . so SCs demanded reservations and special rules for them which was opposed by the generals. and thus social divisions occured. then the govt . taking the view of the minorities reservation was passed for them suppressing the qualifications of the generals.

In 19th century, Europe some British industrialists preferred hand labour over machines because
(i) New technologies and machines were expensive, so the producers and the industrialists were cautious about using them.
(ii) Machines often broke down and their repair was expensive.
(iii) Poor peasants and migrants moved to cities in large numbers in search of jobs. So the supply of workers was more than the demand. Therefore, workers were available at low wages.
(iv) In seasonal industries, where production fluctuated with the seasons, industrialists usually preferred hand labour, employing workers only for the season, when it was needed.
(v) The variety of products required in the market could not be produced by the machines available at that time. In mid-nineteenth century, Britain, for instance, 500 varieties of hammers were produced and 45 kinds of axes, these required human skill, and not mechanical technology.

Full form of LTTE si  Liberation of Tiger Tamil Ellam .

Thiruvenkadam Velupillai Prabhakaran was the founder and leader of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (the LTTE or the Tamil Tigers), a militant organization that sought to create an independent Tamil state in the north and east of Sri Lanka.

Giuseppe Mazzini He was an Italian revolutionary, who was born in Genoa in 1807. He was sent into exile at the age of 24 in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He founded two secret societies, namely Young Italy and Young Europe. He inspired the young members of these societies to involve in revolutionary activities.
Following his ideas and on the model of his secret societies, more such societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland. Austrian Chancellor Duke Matternich once described him as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’.

Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary who founded two underground societies; first Young Italy in Marseilles and then Young Europe in Berne.
Giuseppe Mazzini was an important figure in liberal natioanlism. He made a significant contribution to the unification of Italy.
By 1830, Giuseppe Mazzini put forward a coherent programme of a unitary Italian Republic formed a secret society named Young Italy to inspire them with ideas of unification.

The land use pattern in divided in the following ways:

1. The net sown area in India has decreased from 45.26 per cent to 43.41 per cent. This means that more and more agricultural land is being shifted to other activities.
2. The pattern of the net sown area varies gently from one state to another. In Punjab and Haryana the net sown area is 80 per cent of the total area but in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur and Andaman and Nicobar Islands, it is less than 10 per cent of the total area. 
3. The area under forests has been increased from 18.11 per cent in 1960-61 to 22.57 per cent in 2000-2003 and to 23 per cent in 2005-06, yet it is far below than the scientific norms.
4. The land under permanent pastures is very low, i.e., only 3.45 per cent.
5. Area under fallow land has also decreased which shows, that subsistence agriculture is being replaced by commercial agriculture.

The steps are taken to create a sense of collective identity amongst French people by the French revolutionaries included:

1. The ideas of fatherland (la patrie) and citizen (le citoyen) were spread to bring the notion of a united community having equal rights and protected by a constitution. 
2. A new flag was chosen of tricolour to represent the nation and the royal standard was removed. 
3. New hymns, oaths and martyrs commemorated in the name of the nation.
4. The Estates General became the National Assembly and its members were elected by a body of active citizens.
5. Uniform system of weights, measures were adopted and the abolition of internal customs.
6. Promoting French as a common language of the nation.

Disguised unemployment occurs when more people are employed for the same work that is actually required. When some of them are removed, the productive capacity, i.e. output will not get reduced. In rural areas, disguised unemployment is usually found in agriculture. For example, the family of a small farmer in a rural area works throughout the year on his field, even though all of them are not required all the time.

United Nations Development Programme with its headquarters in New York compares countries on educational level, health status and per capita income whereas World Bank uses only per capita income for measuring economic development.

Development refers to progress or improvement in lifestyle. Important aspects of development are:

1. Different persons can have different developmental goals. This means they seek different things which are more important for them as an individual.
2. What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may even be destructive for others. Industrialists may want more dams for producing electricity, but this may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of people who are displaced.