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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 8 months ago
Unification of Germany:
- The newly emerged middle class in Germany in 1848 tried to unite several German kingdoms which were suppressed by monarchies and large landowners into one nation state governed by an elected body.
- Prussia, a German kingdom, took the leadership in uniting various German states. Otto von Bismarck, the Chief Minister of Prussia, aimed to achieve the goal of unification with the help of the Prussian army and the bureaucracy.
- Spread over seven years, the Prussian army with the help of the Austrian, French and Danish armies fought three wars and successfully incorporated all the small German kingdoms. This marked the process of completion of German unification.
- The German unification was completed in 1871 and in the same year William I was declared as the emperor of Germany at the Palace of Versailles.
- The process of the unification of Germany exhibited the power of the Prussian state. Many new reforms were initiated in banking, currency, administration and judiciary in Germany.
Posted by Aakesh Brahmane 6 years, 8 months ago
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Posted by Neil Modi 6 years, 8 months ago
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Gaurav Seth 6 years, 7 months ago
The two factors that shaped Indian politics towards late 1920s were:
- The first was the effect of the worldwide economic depression. Agricultural prices began to fall from 1926 and collapsed after 1930. As the demand for agricultural goods fell and exports declined, peasants found it difficult to sell their harvests and pay their revenue. By 1930, the countryside was in turmoil.
- The Tory government in Britain constituted the Simon Commission to look into the functioning of the Constitutional government in India. The Simon Commission came to India in 1928. Since this Commission had no Indian member, it was greeted with protests and black flags.
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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 7 months ago
Advantages of British raj in India
Social Reforms: British raj in India had done various social activities for the country for instance abolition of The Sati Pratha and introduction Widow Remarriage Act of 1856, Child marriage restraint Act, Act against child labor and many other acts for improving the social tradition and custom for the betterment of humanity.
Education reforms: During the British Raj only India existing education changed with the introduction of English as the mandatory subject and official language. During British Raj only University of Bombay, Kolkata and Madras were established during the year of 1857 just before the rebellion. The university is still present and being run by the modern Independent India as a most prestigious university.
Employment Scheme: The British government also introduces the Indian Civil Service for the various prestigious posts under the government. The Imperial Civil Service at present is known as the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) which is conducted by UPSC.
Irrigation scheme: The government also structured various canals and dams for the improvement of irrigation condition in India.
Infrastructure development: During the regime of British government the India communication and transport facility were developed. The government established the India’s first railways service in the year of 1853-54 in the region of Bombay and Calcutta by the two railways companies i.e. Great Indian Peninsula Railway (GIPR) and East Indian Railway (EIR). After 5 years in the year of 1859, the first passenger railway line opened in North India between Allahabad and Kanpur.
Disadvantage/Drawbacks of British Raj in India
Divide and Rule policy: The former rule of Divide and rule was the first that the government made to rule and govern all the major British provision states and Indian princely states. The rule first came into existence during the Lord Curzon viceroy, who divided the Bengal province into three parts i.e. Eastern Bengal and Assam as the Muslim majority states and also Hindu majority province of West Bengal, which had a huge blow for the country as because it led and created significant outrage among the countrymen. Not only this the biggest divide and rule policy that appeared at the time of independence when the country divided into two parts one is India and another one is Pakistan the burden of which still being seen during the conflict between Indo-Pak war.
Impalement of Tax structure: The government imposed illiberal tax structure and used to collect high taxes and also greater return on profits. However, the burden of which levies on small peasants, farmers, and small traders.
Loss of lives: The regime of British government the country suffered the loss of many lives such as in Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, the rebellion of 1857, etc. During the World, War government used to recruit many Indian citizens to join the troops even if they are not interested which results in loss and loss of lives. The government didn’t care about the people; they only care about their reputation and prestige and making marks in world history.
Exploitation of resources: The government duly exploited the resources of the country and traded them in another country in order to earn revenue and capture the trade market.
However, it has been very much crucial days for the country and for the people where one side they have gained but also suffered a huge blow. But, at present India is the fastest growing economy in the world after passing the 69 years of independence. There are more achievements to come in coming years. So, dear countrymen step up and became a part of glorious India.
Posted by Vaishali Goyal 6 years, 8 months ago
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Sia ? 6 years, 8 months ago
Begar is a type of labour that villagers were forced to contribute without any payment.
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Sia ? 6 years, 8 months ago
Banks use a major portion of deposits to extend loans. They charge a higher rate of interest on loans than what they offer on deposits. The difference between what is charged from borrowers and what is paid to the depositors is the main source of income for the banks.
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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 8 months ago
With the invention of printing press, the printing of books started at a large scale. It was called the Print Revolution.
Significance:
(i) with the printing press, a new reading public emerged.
(ii) Printing reduced the cost of books. (iii) Books flooded the market, reaching out to an ever growing readership.
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Check revision notes here : https://mycbseguide.com/cbse-revision-notes.html
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Prudential reasons stress that power sharing will bring out better outcome or results; whereas moral reasons emphasize the very act of power sharing as valuable.
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Sia ? 6 years, 8 months ago
The British passed the Rowlatt Act in the year 1919. The Act curbed fundamental rights such as the freedom of expression and strengthened police powers. The Act was very repressive and therefore it enraged Indians. Prominent leaders of the freedom struggles such as Mahatma Gandhi, Mohammad Ali Jinnah, etc. felt that the government had no right to restrict the basic freedoms of people. They viewed the Act as devilish and tyrannical. Gandhiji decided to oppose this Act. He asked people of India to observe 6 April 1919 as a day of non-violent opposition to the Act, as a day of humiliation and prayer’ and hartal. He organised Satyagraha Sabhas to launch the movement. The Rowlatt Satyagraha spread far and wide. It became the first All- India struggle against the British government. In April1 919 several demonstrations and hartals took place in the country. But the government suppressed them taking brutal measures. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was the climax of its brutality. This incident took place on 13 April in Amritsar on Baishakhi day. Thousands of people had gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh to celebrate the occasion. General Dyre opened fire on them all of a sudden. Both Hindu and Muslim unitedly criticized he British action.
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