Caste in Politics

1. When we refer to caste in politics, we refer to various forms caste can take in politics, and how this issue which is indeed a social factor gets politicised.

2. For instance,  Caste has also emerged as major vote bank factor during elections. Political parties try to muster support on the basis of caste by exploiting the caste sentiments of the people, fielding candidates of a particular caste to reach out to more and more people

3. With legal and political rights being extended to the historically most marginalised community members, political parties try to expand their support base.

4. Caste in politics also explains how caste is an important factor in elections, if not the only factor.

 

Politics in caste

1. Politics in caste, explains how politics impacts caste, it explains how various caste based groups are trying to assert their rights in their quest to acquire power and authority.

2. We may give example  rise of many caste based groups, forward or backward caste groups who with the support of caste based parties, have been influencing the decisions of the government.

3. We have seen rise of many caste based groups and of caste based parties, have been wielding considerable power in their respective states and influencing the decisions of the central government.

4. These groups have also entered into bargaining and negotiations among themselves for the purpose of wielding more power, The Dalits, OBC''s have acquired political consciousness  pressed for reservations.

1. Limited participation of Dalits: Dalits participation in the civil Disobedience movement was very limited, particularly in Maharashtra and Nagpur region where their organization was quite strong.
2. No Participation of Muslims: Some of the Muslim political organizations in India were also Lukewarm in their response to the Civil Disobedience Movement. After Non-Cooperation-Khilafat movement Muslims felt alienated from the congress.
3. Dominant role of Sanatanis and Hindu Mahasabha: The role of Sanatanis and Hindu Mahasabha was very dominant. Due to the fear of Sanatanis the conservative high class Hindus, congress ignored the Dalits. Congress was very close to Hindu Mahasbha. Hindus Mahasabha strongly opposed the efforts of compromise between Congress and Muslim League.
4.  Clash between BR Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi: In 1930 Dr B R Ambedkar clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second-round table conference by demanding separate electorate for Dalits.
5. Participants have different aspirations: Participation had their own aspirations. There was a contrast between the demands of industrialist and working class. Contrast was also there in the demand of Rich peasants and poor peasants. United struggle was not there.

Limited participation of Dalits: Dalits participation in the civil Disobedience movement was very limited, particularly in Maharashtra and Nagpur region where their organization was quite strong. No Participation of Muslims: Some of the Muslim political organizations in India were also Lukewarm in their response to the Civil Disobedience Movement. After Non-Cooperation-Khilafat movement Muslims felt alienated from the congress. Dominant role of Sanatanis and Hindu Mahasabha: The role of Sanatanis and Hindu Mahasabha was very dominant. Due to the fear of Sanatanis the conservative high class Hindus, congress ignored the Dalits. Congress was very close to Hindu Mahasbha. Hindus Mahasabha strongly opposed the efforts of compromise between Congress and Muslim League. Clash between BR Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi: In 1930 Dr B R Ambedkar clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second-round table conference by demanding separate electorate for Dalits. Participants have different aspirations: Participation had their own aspirations. There was a contrast between the demands of industrialist and working class. Contrast was also there in the demand of Rich peasants and poor peasants. United struggle was not there.

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The limits of Civil Disobedience Movement were:

• The Congress ignored the dalits for fear of offending the sanatanis, the conservative high-caste Hindus. Also, Mahatma Gandhi called the untouchables  the children of God.
• Dr B.R. Ambedkar, who organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930, clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for dalits.
• This made the dalit apprehensive regarding the Congress led national movement.
• Decline of the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat movement, made a large section of Muslim feel alienated from the Congress. Thus, the response of Muslim political organisations in India was lukewarm.
• However, Muhammad Jinnah, one of the leaders of the Muslim League, was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates, if Muslims were assured reserved seats in the Central Assembly and representation in proportion to population in the Muslim-dominated provinces (Bengal and Punjab).
  Hence, the start of Civil Disobedience Movement created an atmosphere of suspicion and distrust between communities.

Khalil's dialemma was that he wanted his land to adopt the normal democratic policy.

Explanation: Khalil is a boy born to parents from different communities. His father belongs to orthodox christian whereas his mother belongs to sunni muslim. They lived in Beirut. Once the people from Lebanon came and began to live in Beirut. Even though they were living together, intermingled,  there were civil war happening between these 2 communities in which one of Khalil's uncle was killed. Later they came into an agreement in which they had rules like, the prime minister should be from sunni muslim community, president from catholic christian, deputy prime minister from orthodox christian and speaker from shi'a muslim. They both agreed the pact.
Khalil was not known to be belonging to either of his parents' community and hence asked to his mother why cant their area take elections for choosing the president, prime minister etc. like the normal democracy but his mother told him that only that would give them peace and not the policies of the normal democracy. Thus, this is khalil's dialemma.

The main features of dictatorship are:

1. No Constitution
2. Monopoly overpower
3. No value of public opinion
4. No individual has freedom or dignity
5. Dictator's decision is supreme.

5

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G-77 or Group of 77 refers to the seventy-seven newly-independent nations that felt that they are not benefiting from the growth of western economic and international financial institutions as they should. Therefore, these countries organized themselves to form G-77 or the Group of 77.

They demanded:

1. A new international economic order that would give them real control over their natural resources.
2. More development assistance.
3. Fairer prices for raw material and
4. Better access for their manufactured goods in developed countries markets.

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• Romantic artists and poets created a sense of shared collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a nation.
• It was through folk songs, folk poetry, and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation was popularised.
• Emphasis was given on the vernacular language and the collection of folklore, to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences.

Nations in the 18th and 19th century were visualized by the artists in a unique manner. They represented the nation as a person or a human being.The nations were mainly potrayed as female figures. The woman that was chosen to personify the nation was not any particular existing women in reality. It was just used as an entity to give nations a concrete form. The female figure became an allegory of the nation.

For example,
1.In France, the idea of a people's nation was underlined by a popular Christian name Marianne.Her characteristics were imbibed from those of Liberty and the Republic–the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade.
2. In Germany, Germania became the allegory of the German nation.Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as the
German oak stands for heroism

The forests in India are home to a number of communities. These communities share a complex relationship with the flora and fauna around them. In certain areas, local communities are struggling to conserve these habitats along with govt. officials.
(a) In Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, the villagers have been fighting against mining citing Wildlife Conservation Act.
(b) In many areas, villager have taken the step ti protect habitats and openly have openly rejected governments' involvement. They have done this all by themselves. The residents of Alwar district in Rajasthan have declared 1,200 hectares of forest land as "Bhairo dev Dakav Sonchuri". They have their own set of rules and regulations which do not allow hunting, and protect the wildlife against any outside dangers.
(c) Nature worship is an old tradition in India. It states that all the creations of nature have to be protected. These beliefs have led to the conservation of several forests in their pristine form called Sacred Groves (forests of Gods and Goddesses). These patches have been left untouched by the local people and any sort of interference is banned.
(d) Trees are protected in the name of worship. The Mundas and Santhals of the Chota Nagpur region worship Mahua and Kadamba trees. The tribal of Odisha and Bihar worship the Tamarinf and Mango trees during weddings. To many people, Banyan and Peepal are considered sacred.
(e) There are a lot of Monkeys and Langurs found around temples. They are fed daily and treated as a part of temple devotees. In and around the Bishnoi villages in Rajasthan, herds of Blackbuck (Chinkara), Nilgai and Peacocks can be seen as an important part of the community and they are not harmed.
(f) Chipko Movement in the Himalayas and the Joint Forest Management (JFM) programme offer good examples to create the involvement of local communities in the management and restoration of degraded forests.

The disadvantages of multi-purpose river projects are as follows:

1. They cause large-scale displacement of local communities and submergence of trees and vegetation.
2. Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow, causing excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoirs, adding to the problem of land degradation.
3. Dams fragment rivers, making it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate.
4. Dams were constructed to control floods but they have triggered floods, devastating life and property and causing soil erosion.
5. Big dams have been unsuccessful in controlling floods at the time of excessive rainfall.
6. They have induced earthquakes, caused waterborne diseases and pollution due to excessive use of water.

The 40% of people live in the Wallonia region of Belgium speak French language.

In the sourthen part of the Belgium people speaks French language in the region named Wallonia and about 40℅ of people speaks French language

Sinhala community formed the majority.

Metternich

A secret group formed by Guisseppe Mazzini which works secretly

A society founded by Guisseppe Mazzini

Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed King of United Italy in the year 1861.

Besides income, the developmental goals of various categories of people are different from person to person. Some examples of developmental goals other than income are:

1. Apart from income, a rich farmer would like to have higher support price for his crops, cheap labour and subsidised inputs.
2. For a landless rural labourer, income is important, but he considers it his job can give education to his children and they don't face any social discrimination.

Respect and equality

Life expectancy refers to Average life of a person

Rajasthan and Gujrat

Madhya pradesh, Gujarat

Orissa

The problem of land degradation can be solved in the following ways:

1. Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help to some extent to solve the problem of land degradation.
2. Planting of shelter belts of plants, control on over grazing, stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes is some of the methods to check land degradation.
3. Proper management of waste lands, control of mining activities, proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment can reduce land and water degradation in industrial and suburban areas.

Joint Forest Management

Nation states emerged after overthrowing monarchy and dynasty rule in Europe. While modern states have been developing since then. Modern states are ruled by a centralised power and authority.
In a nation state, citizens came to develop a common identity based on shared language, traditions and cutoms. In modern states, people speaking different languages, following various traditions and cultures live together. Nations states have now developed as modern states.

Money is a medium of exchange through which anything can be brought in a definite amount.

all transactions are done in money so they are called as medium of exchange

Money is an intermediate for the exchange of yhe good.in india money is authorized by reserve bank of india

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All in one

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• Money's most important function is as a medium of exchange to facilitate transactions.
• In order to be a medium of exchange, money must hold its value over time; that is, it must be a store of value.
• Money also functions as a unit of account, providing a common measure of the value of goods and services being exchanged.
• Without money, all transactions would have to be conducted by barter, which involves direct exchange of one good or service for another.
•  In other words, in a barter system, exchange can take place only if there is a double coincidence of wants.
• Money effectively eliminates the double coincidence of wants problem by serving as a medium of exchange that is accepted in all transactions.

The rowlatt act means that the britishers has the right to arrest the political leaders which are against them without any trial. So,Indians wants to release their people,therefore they are against the rowlatt act

Because most of the Indians were arrested without any fault.

Efforts were made to clean up London, as:

1. Large blocks of apartments were built. It has been proved that housing schemes brings a magical change in the urban area where land is very important. In this case no one is permitted to build the personal apartment.
2. Rent control was introduced to check housing shortage.
3. Green belt was created around London. Demands were made for new lungs for the city, and some attempts were made to bridge the difference between city and countryside through such ideas as the green belt around London.

A secular state is an state which has no official relegion and everyone is allowed to choose his/her religion

The belief that religion should not influence or be involved in the organization of society, education, government etc.