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Gaurav Seth 6 years, 7 months ago
End of Bretton Woods and the Beginning of 'Globalisation' :
(i) After 1960s, US was no longer the dominant economic power as it had been for more than two decades. The US dollar now no longer commanded confidence as the world's principal currency. The dollar could not maintain its value in relation to gold. Eventually leading to the collapse of the system of fixed exchange rates and the introduction of a system of floating exchange rates.
(ii) From the mid-1970s the international financial system also changed. Developing countries were forced to borrow from Western commercial banks and private lending institutions. This led to periodic debt crisis in the developing world, and lower incomes and increased poverty, especially in Africa and Latin America.
(iii) The industrial world was also hit by unemployment that began rising from the mid-1970s and remained high until the early 1990s. From the late 1970s, MNCs also began to shift production operations to low-wage Asian countries.
(iv) New economic policies in China and the collapse of the Soviet Union and Soviet style communism in Eastern Europe brought many countries back into the fold of the world economy. Wages were relatively low in countries like China. They became attractive destinations for investment by foreign MNCs competing to capture world markets.
(v) The relocation of industry to low-wage countries stimulated world trade and capital flows. Countries such as India, China and Brazil have undergone rapid economic transformation.
Posted by Narayan Kumar Koirala 6 years, 7 months ago
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Gaurav Seth 5 years, 3 months ago
Greece became independent in the year 1832 after the treaty of Constantinople.
It was between Britain, France Russia on one side and the Ottoman Empire on the other side.
Leopold stepped down as a claimant of the Greece throne.
The treaty allowed certain parts of the border area to be under control of Greece.
Posted by Khushi Patidar 6 years, 7 months ago
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Sia ? 6 years, 7 months ago
You can check the syllabus here : https://mycbseguide.com/cbse-syllabus.html
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Gaurav Seth 6 years, 7 months ago
It is the declaration signed by world leaders in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), which took place at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It aims at achieving global sustainable development. It is an agenda that aims at fighting against environmental damage, poverty, disease through global co-operation on common interests, mutual needs and shared responsibilities.
Aims:
- It aimed at achieving global sustainable development.
- The agenda was to combat environmental damage, poverty and diseases.
- It can be achieved through global cooperation on common interests, mutual needs and shared responsibilities.
Posted by Sunil Omergekar 6 years, 7 months ago
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Sia ? 6 years, 7 months ago
Development is such a situation that can fulfil the aspirations or desires of people. It is the progress or improvement in the lifestyle of the people. Two aspects of development are:
- Different persons can have different developmental goals.
- What may be development for one may not be development for the other.
Posted by Ashish Kumar 6 years, 7 months ago
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Sia ? 6 years, 7 months ago
Majoritarianism is a concept which signifies a belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever way it wants. In this type of rule they disregard the wishes and needs of the minority.
- Majoritarianism is a political philosophy which asserts that a majority of the population has the right to take the decisions affecting the society.
- It means submission of the majority group for all the decisions affecting their lives.
- It often results in preferential policies being followed, favoring the majority group in university positions and government jobs and other opportunities and interests, thus denying the minority equal rights and opportunities.
Harshita Dhariwal 6 years, 7 months ago
Posted by Udit Makkar 6 years, 7 months ago
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Sia ? 6 years, 7 months ago
Social division takes place when some social difference overlaps with the other differences.
- The difference between the Blacks and Whites became a social division in the US because the Blacks tend to be poor, homeless and discriminated against.
- In our country Dalits tend to be poor and landless. They often face discrimination and injustice.
- Situations of this kind produce social divisions, when one kind of social difference becomes more important than the other and people start feeling that they belong to different communities.
Posted by Fear Fighter 6 years, 7 months ago
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Gaurav Seth 6 years, 7 months ago
Activities causing land degradation:
- Deforestation has caused degradation .
- Over-grazing is causing land degradation in places like Gujarat, Rajasthan etc.
- Over-irrigation is a major cause of land degradation which causes water logging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity of the soil.
- Industrial waste cause water and land pollution in many parts of India .
factors responsible for soil erosion:
- Human factors:deforestation , overgrazing, and mining.
- Natural factor: wind, glacier and water.
- Other factors: Ploughing in a wrong way and defective methods of farming.
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You can check on revision notes.
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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 7 months ago
Globalisation is the process of rapid integration or interconnection between countries through foreign trade and foreign investments. Multinational corporations (MNCs) are playing a major role in the globalization process. MNCs are spreading their production across countries in order to reduce cost and earn higher profits. They set up offices and factories in different countries for production. They invest in different countries to buy land, building, machines and other equipments. Investment made by MNCs is called foreign investment. As a result, productions in these widely dispersed locations are getting interlinked. Similarly, they sell l their produce in different countries and connect the markets of different countries. This process not only benefits the producers but also the consumers by providing wide range of consumer goods. It also provides more employment opportunities, new technology, etc. to host country. Thus, globalisation is the integration of foreign trade and markets of different economies. There are two factors that have enabled globalization. First, rapid improvement in technology and second, liberalization of foreign trade and foreign investment. Developments in information and communication technology facilitate the expansion of products and ideas amongst nations. Decrease in transportation cost is the essence of globalization with which production and produced goods can spread across the world. Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government is known as liberalisation. Stating around 1991, the government of India removed barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment to a large extent. To attract foreign companies to invest in India, Indian government has set up special economic zones (SEZ) which have world class technology and where relaxation in taxes is provided. Globalisation is also supported by the international organisations like World trade organisation (WTO), international monetary fund (IMF), etc. WTO propounds that there should be free trade. IMF helps in fostering global monetary cooperation between countries. The impact of globalisation is not uniform. It creates intense competition for domestic producers, changes the lives’ of workers, etc. Owing to this reason, we are struggling for fair globalisation that ensures the benefits of globalization shared better and create equal opportunities for all.
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Sia ? 6 years, 7 months ago
The main objective of General Dyer behind the jallianwala Bagh massacre was to ‘produce a moral effect’, to create in the minds of satyagrahis a feeling of terror and awe.
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