The main objective of treaty of Vienna was to nullify all the changes that had come into existence during Napoleonic wars.

The Bourbon dynasty restore its power which had been deposed during the French Revolution. To prevent the expansion of France in future, a number of states were set up on the boundaries of France. The kingdom of Netherland including Belgium was set up in the north and Genoa including Piedmont established in the south.Prussia was given important new territories on the western frontier, while Austria was given control of northern Italy. The German confederation of 39 states which was set up by Napoleon was left untouched. Prussia was given to Russia. The main intention was behind that set up was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon and create a new conservative order in Europe.

1.
In Unitary form of Government All Powers are vested with the single Central Government which is Supreme and Powerful.

In Federal type of government in which one Central government is there for the country and different provincial governments are there. It is a form of Government where power is divided between Government and at different levels

2. In a unitary form of government the central government can pass any order to the state or local governments on any specific issue.

In a federal system of government the central government is not authorised to instruct the state government on any particular issue. State governments are free to work on any issue related to the state according to its will.

3. Countries with unitary form of government: countries like England, Italy, Japan, China, France ,e.t.c have a unitary form of government.

Countries with Federal government: countries like India, USA ,Canada, Australia ,Brazil, Argentina, Russia , e.t.c have a federal type of government.

Ans: Jawaharlal Nehru

Explanation:

(i) In Dec. 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore Congress formalised the demand of 'Purna Swaraj' or complete independence.

(ii) It was declared that 26th Jan. 1930 would be celebrated as the independence day when people were to take a pledge to struggle for independence.

(iii) But the celebration attracted very little attention. So Mahatma Gandhi had to find a way to relate this abstract idea of freedom to more concrete issues of everyday life.

The answer is Abanindranath Tagore.

The first image of Bharat Mata was created as a watercolor painting by Abanindranath Tagore in 1905. The image depicts Bharat Mata as a saffron clad woman with four arms standing by the edge of a lotus pond. The hind arms have a piece of white cloth and a book whereas the forearms have a rosary made of beads and some paddy sheaves. The saffron attire combined with four arms and a halo behind the head made her look like a divine sadhvi. This form of Bharat Mata represented a combination of Goddesses Saraswati and Lakshmi revered for knowledge and prosperity respectively.

1. The new Tory government introduced a new Statutory Commission for India. It was commonly known as Simon Commission
2. This committee was formed by John Simon.
3. Their function was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system of India and suggest changes.
4. The main reason for the protest against Simon Commission was that The Commission had no Indians. All members were British.
5. When the Simon Commission came to India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan 'Go Back Simon'.

• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930.
• He demanded separate electorates for the dalits in the Second Round table Conference. The British accepted the demands but Gandhi was against this concession as he believed that separate electorates for dalits would slow down the process of their assimilation into society.
• After much persuasion, Ambedkar accepted Gandhi’s position and signed the Poona Pact in September 1932.
• The dalits were now given reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.

Gandhi ji was designed the swaraj flag.

1. it was a tricolour (red, green and white).

2. it had eight lotus representing eight provinces of british india, and a crescent moon representing hindus and muslims.

3. People used to carry the flag holding it aloft during marches.

Khalifa or Khalifah is a name or title which means "successor", "deputy" or "steward". It most commonly refers to the leader of a Caliphate, but is also used as a title among various Islamic religious groups and orders. Khalifa is sometimes also pronounced as "kalifa".

The Khilafat issue gave him the opportunity to bring the Hindus and Muslims on a common platform. The Ottoman Turkey was badly defeated in the First World War. There were rumours about a harsh peace treating likely to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor; who was the spiritual head of the Islamic world (the Khalifa). 

a) 'Begar' is a practice where the worker is forced to render service to the 'master' free of charge or at a nominal remuneration. When this practice takes place on a lifelong basis, it is called the practice of bonded labour.

b) Swaraj means independent and purna swaraj means complete Independent. The Purna Swaraj declaration, or Declaration of the Independence of India was promulgated by the indian national congress on 26 January 1930, resolving the Congress and Indian nationalists to fight for Purna swaraj, or <i>complete self-rule</i>independent of the british empire (literally in sanskrit, <i>purna</i>, "complete," <i>swa</i>, "self," <i>raj</i>, "rule," thus "complete self-rule").

c) Gandhi called the untouchables 'Harijans' ,children of God.

d) The term 'boycott' meant the refusal to participate in activities, or buy and use things that belonged to the British Government. It was one of the ways used by the people during the Non-Cooperation movement.

In the Inland emigration act of 1859 plantation workers weren't permitted to leave the tea gardens without official permission. infact people were rarely get such permissions. peoples weren't allowed to go their homes.

Satyagraha is a method of agitation and protest based on truth and non-violence. It was first introduced by Mahatma Gandhiji’s National Movement. The method was passive resistance, consisting of defiance of laws, non payment of taxes, boycott of government institutions, etc.

In this round table conference discussion on political reforms in India, including measures to increase the participation of Indians in the governance of India and the possibility of moving towards dominion status took place.

The Federation of the Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) was established in the year 1927.

Gandhijee decided to withdraw non cooperation movement because:-
on February 1922 a crowd of peasants set fire to a police station in chauri chaura. Gandhi Jee not wanted to to take violence .so he started non cooperation movement according to this movement many lawyers gave up their practices British titles were surrendered legislatures were boycotted etc

Contribution made by jawaherlal nehru to the peasant movement in Awadh:

•  Jawaharlal Nehru began talking to the villagers and formed ‘Oudh Kisan Sabha’.
• Within a month, over 300 branches had been set up in the villages around the region.

The complete unification of Italy was achieved in 1871.

Unification of Italy

• Italy was politically fragmented into various small states which were ruled by monarchies.
• During the mid-nineteenth century, only the state of Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by the Italian monarchy. The northern states were under the Austrian monarchy, Central Italy was under the control of the Pope and the states in the south were under the control of the Bourbon kings of Spain.
• Giuseppe Mazzini was a revolutionary who actively supported the unification of the Italian states. For achieving this aim, he formed a secret society called ‘Young Italy’.
• The state of Sardinia-Piedmont took the responsibility of fulfilling this task after the failed uprisings in 1831 and 1848. The king of Sardinia-Piedmont, Victor Emmanuel II, was actively helped by his Chief Minister Cavour. Cavour led the process of the unification of Italy.

• In 1859, the state of Sardinia-Piedmont defeated the Austrians. In 1860, the Italian forces helped by Giuseppe Garibaldi and his volunteers marched into southern Italy and unified it with Italy.
• King Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as the king of united Italy. The complete unification of Italy was achieved in 1871.

nai dhobi bandhs organised by the panchayat in the Awadh region during non corperation Movement because:

Nai-dhobi bandh were organised by the panchayats of Awadh in 1919 for depriving landlords of the services of barbers and washermen in Pratapgarh district.

1) Gandhiji launched nationwide satyagraha against Rowlatt Act in 1919. This Act had been hurriedly passed despite the united opposition of Indian members. 
2) This Act gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities, and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. 
3) Rallies were organized in various cities, workers went on strike in railway workshops, and shops closed down. 
4) Alarmed by the popular upsurge, and scared that lines of communication such as telegraph and railways would be disrupted, the British administration decided to clamp down on nationalists. 
5) On 10th April, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession provoking widespread attacks on banks, post offices and railway stations. Martial law was imposed and General Dyer took command. 
6) After the brutal killing and massacre of Jallianwala Bagh, violence spread nationwide and as a result, Mahatma Gandhi called off this Rowalatt Satyagraha movement

Geographer - an expert in the study of the physical features of the earth and its atmosphere, and of human activity as it affects and is affected by these.

Geologist- A geologist is an expert in the field of geology, the study of what the Earth is made of and how it was formed.

1. High quantities of fertilisers, high yield variety seeds, insecticides and pesticides are used to enhance the productivity of land.

1. The degree and extent of commercialised agriculture varies from region to region. For example, wheat in Punjab is a commercial crop, while in Orissa, it is a subsistence crop.

1. Plantation is also a kind of commercial farming where a single crop is grown over a large area.

1. In commercial farming, crops are grown for earning profits. Some of the cash crops are tea, coffee, rubber etc. 

• India is an agricultural country as nearly 65% of its population depends on agriculture for its livelihood.
• It provide food, raw material for industries and some product for export.
• It accounts for about 25% of the gross domestic product.
• Nearly two-thirds of its population depends directly on agriculture for its livelihood.
• Agriculture is the main stay of India’s economy.
• It accounts for 26% of the gross domestic product.
• It ensures food security for the country and produces several raw materials for industries.
• Agricultural development is therefore, a precondition of our national prosperity.

Different Types of Soils Found in India are as follows:

Alluvial Soils

• These soils are formed by the deposition of sediments brought by rivers.
• They are rich in humus and very fertile.
• They are found in Great Northern plain, lower valleys of Narmada and Tapti and Northern Gujarat. These soils are renewed every year.

Black Soils:

• These soils are made up of volcanic rocks and lava-flow.
• It is concentrated in the parts of Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
• It consists of Lime, Iron, Magnesium and also Potash.
•  

Red Soils:

• These are formed by weathering of ancient metamorphic rocks of Deccan Plateau.
• Due to iron composition these soils are red in color.
• When iron content is lower it is yellow or brown.
• They cover the parts of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Orissa.

Laterite Soils:

• These soils are formed due to intense leaching.
• These soils are well developed on the summits of hills and uplands.
• They are found in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and hilly areas of Orissa and Assam.

Public sector:

1.It is controlled and managed by the government.
2.The main aim of the sector is public welfare.
3.The sector provides basic facilities like education, health, food and security to the people. For Example: Railways, Post office, BSNL.

Private sector:

1.It is controlled and managed by an individual or a group.
2.The main aim of the sector is to earn profits.
3.Private sector does not provide any service at a reasonable rate. For example: Tatas, Birlas, Reliance.