Romanticism is a cultured movement focused on emotion and mystical feeling insted of reason and science to develop nationalist sentiment. They helped create a sence of collective heritage and cultural past as part of nation bilding through use of folk songs, dances & music. Romantics such as JOHANN GOTTFRIED claimed true german culture was to discoverd among common people 'das volk'

The WTO has often been criticised for ignoring the plight of the developing world.It is argued the benefits of free trade accrue mostly to the developed world.Free trade may prevent developing economies develop their infant industries. For example, if a developing economy was trying to diversify their economy to develop a new manufacturing industry, they may be unable to do it without some tariff protection.

Negative effects of globalisation:

• Growth has been witnessed only in few selected areas in the service sector such as hospital services, information and technology, and telecommunication.
• To earn maximum profits, MNCs employed Indian workers at extremely low wages. Only in urban areas, the standard of living has improved. Their income and the quality of consumption also increased. This has led to inequalities of income in the country.
• To deal with the pressure of competition from MNCs, many Indian companies have begun to employ workers on a temporary basis so that they do not have to pay the workers for all 12 months of a year. This has resulted in companies making large profits, but workers not getting their share of benefits.

• Building activity intensified in the cities, opening up greater opportunities of employment.
• Roads were widened.
• New railway stations came up.
• Railway lines were extended, and tunnels dug up.
• Drainage and sewers were laid.
• Rivers were embarked, and
• Number of workers in the transport industry doubled.

Positive effects of globalisation:

• Increased investments in Indian markets by MNCs have led to the growth of the Indian economy. In many fields such as automobiles, smartphones, soft drinks, fast foods and garments, MNCs have created a vast choice of products for consumers.
• Local companies supplying raw materials to MNCs have developed and prospered. Many Indian companies such as Tata Motors and Ranbaxy have become multinational companies themselves.
• Globalisation has opened many new opportunities for companies in the service sector, especially IT companies. These companies offer their cheap but efficient consulting services to many nations. This has also created millions of jobs in India.
• Technology has been transferred to developing countries. It has enabled the production of quality goods in the international market. 
• Outsourcing is the major outcome of the globalisation process.

Negative effects of globalisation:

• Growth has been witnessed only in few selected areas in the service sector such as hospital services, information and technology, and telecommunication.
• To earn maximum profits, MNCs employed Indian workers at extremely low wages. Only in urban areas, the standard of living has improved. Their income and the quality of consumption also increased. This has led to inequalities of income in the country.
• To deal with the pressure of competition from MNCs, many Indian companies have begun to employ workers on a temporary basis so that they do not have to pay the workers for all 12 months of a year. This has resulted in companies making large profits, but workers not getting their share of benefits.

Landed aristrocacy was the dominant class of europe , though they were small in numbers.
Members of this class were united by common way of life that cut across regional divisions.
They ey owned estates in the countryside and also town houses. They they spoke french for the purpose of diplomacy and in high society
Their families were often connected by the ties of marriage.

Red soil is formed by weathering of old crystalline igneous and metamorphic rocks. It is rich in iron and hence appears red in colour. In India, it is found mainly in Deccan plateau.

 Development is a comprehensive term which include increase in real per capita income, improvement in living standard of people, reduction in poverty, illiteracy, crime rate, etc. Features. 

We reassess the changes in British working-class diets through the First World War. The 1918 Sumner Committee's work on this was limited by a lack of consistency across household surveys. Our rediscovered 1904 data allow a cleaner comparison. Although calorie intake was maintained, we find a closing of the nutritional gap between skilled and unskilled workers. We also find reductions in intakes of several key vitamins. These were possibly side effects of the food control system. For many unregulated foodstuffs, such as fruit and vegetables, prices rose dramatically as production fell, and this may have been what caused the fall in vitamin C intake among skilled workers.

(i) MNCs shifted their production units to Asian countries because of cheap labor and low wages.
(ii) Availability of raw materials and a large market.
(iii) Effects: lt stimulated world trade and flow of capital. Countries like India, China, and Brazil underwent rapid economic transformation.It generated employment opportunities and introduced competition in the domestic markets.

It is very common for people belonging to the same religion to feel that they do not belong to the same community, as their caste and sect is very different. People belonging to Hindu religion are divided into Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Sudra. People having different castes largely do not have feelings of same community. But it is possible for people from different religions to have the same caste and feel dose to each other.
Rich and poor persons from one family often do not keep close relations with each other for they feel are very different. In the example of 1968 Olympics, Tommie Smith and John Carlos were similar in one way (both of them were African-American) and thus different from Peter Norman who was White. But they were all similar in one point that they were all athletes who stood against racial discrimination. Thus, we all have more than one social group.

Language policy is a safeguard to the languages. It is one of the important aspects of our constitution. Under this policy besides Hindi, 21 other languages are recognised as scheduled languages by the constitution.\Main features of India's language policy are as follows:
(i) Our Constitution does not provide for any national language; the government however has accorded the status of official language to Hindi.
(ii) Each state in India has its own official language.
(iii) Beside Hindi, there are 21 other languages recognised as 'scheduled languages' by the constitution. Other languages are recognised as the non-scheduled languages.

Rainwater harvesting is a technique of collecting and storing rainwater for domestic useRainwater harvesting is a technique of collecting and storing rainwater for domestic use. Three methods of rainwater harvesting followed in different regions of India for:

• Bamboo dripping irrigation system in Meghalaya
• Storing rainwater in underground 'tankas' in Rajasthan
• Kuls or guls are the water diversion channels built mainly in the Himalayan region for agricultural purposes

Intensive Farming

(i) Land is cultivated intensively season after season and year after year by better agricultural methods and manpower.

(ii) It is carried on in densely popu­lated areas and the population pressure is high.

(iii) Land holdings are smaller.

(iv) Yield per person is less but per hectare it is more, e.g., Japan, India, and U.K.

Extensive Farming

(i) Farming practice involving greater use of machinery. It is highly mechanized and the pro­duce is increased by bringing more and more land under cul­tivation.

(ii) It is practiced in moderately populated areas. The popula­tion pressure is less.

(iii) Farms are large.

(iv) Yield per person is more but per hectare it is less, e.g., USA, Canada, Australia

Culture played an important role in creating the idea of 'nation in Europe:
1. Romanticism was a cultural movement that believed in emotions, intuitions and mystical feelings over reason and science. They tried to evoke the feelings of a common past and shared heritage.
2. Romantics like Johann Gottfried Herder believed that German culture was alive among the common people- das Volk. The idea of nation was popularised through the folk culture of songs, poetry, and dance.
3. Local culture was sought also to reach the large population of illiterate people. In Poland, Karol Kurpinski turned the folk dances and music into nationalist symbols.
4. The language was also essential as a nationalist identity. When Polish was forcefully removed from schools and Russian was imposed everywhere after Russian occupation, the people saw the use of Polish language as a sign of national resistance.

It was in the Lahore session of 1929 when the president of Congress party-Nehru declared 26th January ,1930 as the date when India will get complete freedom or "Purna Swaraj".It was decided that 26th January would be celebrated as Independence Day,but unfortunately we got our actual freedom on 15th august,1947.Hence this session was of great importance in India's history of freedom struggle.

Challenges:

1. The industry is seasonal, so getting labour becomes difficult.
2. India is still using old and inefficient methods of production, thereby, affecting its production.
3. There are transport delays in transporting sugarcane to factories, with the result that it loses its sugar content.
4. There is a need to maximise the use of bagasse to face the problem of power break up.

Sugar mills concentrate in the southern and western states because:
1. Sugarcane- The canes of these areas have a higher sucrose content which makes the quality better and less common.
2. Climate- Since the climate in these areas is cooler, it ensures a longer crushing season for the producers.
3. Cooperatives- Sugarcane industry is a seasonal industry so it is generally done by cooperatives. Cooperatives in these areas are more successful.