Following were the results of the Battle of Buxar:

1. After the conclusion of the Battle of Buxar, the British truly became an entrenched power in Bengal. It can be said that the British Empire truly began after the British victory at Buxar.
2. The victory in the battle enabled the Company to extend their political control over Awadh.
3. The British compelled Shah Alam II to sign the Treaty of Allahabad in 1765. It stipulated that Awadh be returned to Nawab Shuja-ud-Daulah in return for Kora and Allahabad. He was to pay Rs 50 lakh to the British in return for the assurance that they would defend his territories against enemies. However, the Nawab himself would have to pay for the expenses incurred by the British while doing so.
4. Awadh was made a buffer state between the British territories in Bengal and the Maratha possession.
5. Shah Alam II granted the Diwani rights over the regions of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the Company. This gave the British the authority to collect revenue and dispense justice in civil cases.
6. The British authority over Bengal became legal after the Battle of Buxar.
7. The British granted Kora and Allahabad to Shah Alam II and an annual pension of Rs 25 lakh.

The War created a new economic and political situation :
(i) It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes, customs duties were raised, and income tax introduced.
(ii) Through the war years, prices increased – doubling between 1913 and 1918 – leading to extreme hardships for the common people.
(iii) Villagers were called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger.

Factors responsible for growth of nationalism in India are :

1.  Colonial oppressive and exploitative policies of the British.

2.  Growth of modern western education and influence of western philosophy and political thought.

3. Modern Vernacular press also played an important role in arousing nationalism among people.

4.  Political and administrative uniformity under British was another factor.

5.  Development of modern means of transport and communication like railways brought people together and created bond among them.

6.  Revival of past glory and heritage.

7.  Socio-Religious reform movements.

8.  Economic exploitation and drain of wealth was another major factor responsible for growth of nationalism in India.

Impact of globalisation on small producers:

 For a large number of small producers and workers globalisation has posed major challenges. They either have to compete or perish.

Small manufacturers have been hit hard due to competition with global products.

Small scale industries like that of batteries, capacitors, plastics, toys, tyres etc. have suffered great losses in their businesses

.Millions of the workers have gone jobless.Several small factory units are forced to shut down.

Bigger units like malls have engulfed small markets and shops.

1. Indian constitution is greatest source of law and protector of fundamental rights.
2. Elections held in  India for free and fair basis.
3. There is freedom to people for express their views and opinions.

During the time period from 1830 to 1848 many revolutions took place because since the conservative reation after 1815 many monarchichal and despotic regimes were reestablished all over Europe. However, the ideals of nationalism, republicanism and liberalism had already been instilled in the people of Europe. This led to a major churning of nationalist aspirations among the multi-lingual and multi-ethnic states of Europe. Different nations started to demand thier own states with republican rule. This led to many insurrections against the monarchical and conservative rule all over Europe between 1830 to 1848.
For instance,

1. The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830. The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head.
2. The Greek war of Independence that started in 1821. Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many West Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture. Finally, Greece gained its independence in 1832 after the Treaty of Constantinople recognised Greece as one.

The government in Belgium divided the powers equally between Dutch and French speaking populations. It was decided that equal representation should be given to the French- and Dutch-speaking population. Thus, there were equal numbers of ministers belonging to both communities in the Central Government. In Brussels, where the French were in majority, both communities were given equal representation, as the Dutch had agreed to equal representation at the centre despite them being in majority. THus, in Belgium power was divided equally between the Dutch and French speaking populations

National Party: A party that secures at least six per cent of total votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly elections in four States and wins at least four seats in the Lok Sabha is recognised as a national party.

According to this classification, there were six national recognised parties in the country in 2006.

• Indian National Congress (INC): This is popularly known as the Congress Party. This is one of the oldest parties of the world and was founded in 1885. The Congress Party had played a dominant role in Indian politics at the national and state level for several decades after India’s Independence. Since the first general elections in 1952, the Congress party had been in power continuously till 1977. After that, it came back to power in 1980 and remained till 1989. The Congress Party once again came back to power in 1991 for another five years. Congress Party came back in power in 2004 and completed two terms in office, i.e. ten years.
• Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP): This party was founded in 1980 by reviving the erstwhile Bharatiya Jana Sangh. Building a strong and modern India is the main goal of this party. The BJP wants to promote cultural nationalism (or ‘Hindutva). This party wants full territorial and political integration of Jammu and Kashmir with India, a uniform civil code and a ban on religious conversions. It support base increased significantly in the 1990s. The Party came to power in 1998 and remained in power till 2004. This party stormed back to power in centre in 2014.
• Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP): This party was formed in 1984 under the leadership of Kanshi Ram. The party seeks to represent and secure power for the bahujan samaj which includes the dalits, adivasis, OBCs and religious minorities. This party has good presence in Uttar Pradesh and has been in power in UP for a couple of terms.
• Communist Party of India - Marxist (CPI-M): This party was founded in 1964. Marxism- Leninism is the main philosophy of this party and it supports socialism, secularism. The party enjoys strong support in West Bengal, Kerala and Tripura, especially among the poor, factory workers, farmers, agricultural labourers and the intelligentsia. The CPI has off late slipped in its hold over public and has lost power in West Bengal and Kerala.
• Communist Party of India (CPI): This party was formed in 1925. It has the same philosophy as CPI (M). Became weak after the split in the party in 1964 that led to the formation of the CPI(M). Significant presence in the states of Kerala, West Bengal, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Its support base had gradually declined over the years. It secured about 1.4 per cent votes and 10 seats in the 2004 Lok Sabha elections. Advocates the coming together of all left parties to build a strong left front. Initially supported the UPA government from outside, but withdrew support in late 2008.
• Nationalist Congress Party (NCP): This party was formed in 1999 following a split in the Congress party. The party espouses democracy, Gandhian secularism, equity, social justice and federalism. This is a major party in Maharashtra and has a significant presence in Meghalaya, Manipur and Assam.

Frederic Sorrieu was a French artist who in 1848 prepared a series of four prints visualizing his dream of a world made up of ‘Democratic and Social Republics’. The distinct feature of these prints were the representations of men, nations and allegories. In the first of his print, we can see men and women marching across the statue of Liberty to offer homage. The statue holds a torch of enlightenment and the Charter of the Rights of Man. And finally, the remains of the absolutist institutions can be seen broken and shattered on the Earth indicating the end of conservatism and absolutism.

It was a time when women were kept inside walls. A woman’s role was considered to be of a homemaker. Though I had got good education, I was not allowed to take part in social or political activities. But I thought by participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement, I could be a part of the nation making process. So, at the call of Gandhi ji, I couldn’t resist myself. Revolting against my family traditions, and I became an active member of the movement. It was a proud moment for me to participate in Gandhi ji’s Civil Disobedience Movement. It was a motivating experience for me when I tended to those injured in the lathi charge. It was like taking care of my own brother. I was full of nationalistic fervor. It was the most memorable and proud phase of my life.

The limits of Civil Disobedience Movement were:

• The Congress ignored the dalits for fear of offending the sanatanis, the conservative high-caste Hindus. Also, Mahatma Gandhi called the untouchables  the children of God.
• Dr B.R. Ambedkar, who organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930, clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for dalits.
• This made the dalit apprehensive regarding the Congress led national movement.
• Decline of the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat movement, made a large section of Muslim feel alienated from the Congress. Thus, the response of Muslim political organisations in India was lukewarm.
• However, Muhammad Jinnah, one of the leaders of the Muslim League, was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates, if Muslims were assured reserved seats in the Central Assembly and representation in proportion to population in the Muslim-dominated provinces (Bengal and Punjab).
• Hence, the start of Civil Disobedience Movement created an atmosphere of suspicion and distrust between communities.

• The process of unification of ITALY was the work of 3 main leaders, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Count Cavour, and Victory Emmanuel II .
•  Garibaldi with his armed volunteers called red shirts defeated the Bourbon kings of Spain freeing the kingdom of 2 sicilies.
• Victory Emmanuel the 2nd defeated the popes of France and freeing the southern region and completing the unification of Italy and he was proclaimed the emperor of united Italy.