Democracies lead to peaceful harmonious life among citizens:
1. No society has a permanent solution for the differences that can come up between various groups in it.
2. But democracy provides the opportunity to negotiate the differences and decide on what is better for everyone.
 3. Non-democratic regimes usually just ignore the internal problems or suppress it.
4. Democracy ensures inclusion of every group including minorities and its interests in the decision making.
5. Democracy reduces the chances of differences or conflicts becoming violent.

Sustainable development is the prudent and judicious use of resources in such a way that even future generations are able to use it.

Sustainable development is essential for economic development as we have limited quantity of resources. Firstly, the development and growth of the country will be hampered if the present limited resources are totally exhausted.

Secondly, the exhaustion of natural resources will endanger the lives of humans and many species if we do not follow the principle of sustainable development. For example, if water is overutilised and wasted, then it will not be replenished by the rains. We need to keep the stock of natural resources for future use too.

Pan-Indianism is an expression of a new identity and the institutions and symbols which are both an expression of that new identity and a fostering of it.Pan Indian identity means one that cuts across all boundaries of regions and territory and present an identity representing the whole nation.

By the end of 19th century a large number of newspapers in Indian vernacular languages were published.
(i) These newspapers published articles written by national leaders. Their ideas were communicated to people through these newspapers.
(ii) The people of different communities and places were thus connected by print media. Newspapers conveyed news from one place to another creating pan-Indian identities.
(iii) The nationalist newspapers exposed the colonial misrule and encouraged nationalist activities. As these were written in spoken languages of various regions common man could easily understand the content.
(iv) Various novels with nationalistic themes were pulished by leading novelists in India. One of these was Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. The song 'Vande Matram' written by him in his novel 'Anandmath' created and stirred nationalist feelings in the country.
(v) The preint culture also educated the people who then were influenced byt he reformists and the nationalist ideas.

The textile industry contributes 14% to industrial production in India. In terms of employment generation, this industry is the second largest after agriculture. 35 million persons are directly employed in the textiles industry in India. The contribution of textiles industry to GDP is 4%. This is the only industry in the country which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain.

There are three major differences between a national party and regional/state party:

• National parties have influence all over the country or in several states of India. The influence of a state party is limited to a state or region.
• National parties take interest in national as well as international issues; whereas regional or state parties are interested in promoting regional/state interest only.
• The national parties have to harmonise the national as well as state interests; whereas state parties usually stand for greater autonomy for states.

Sustainable Development is essential for the economic growth. The two reasons include :

1. Sustainable Development ensures judicious use of resources which leads to the economic growth.

2. It ensures environment-friendly growth and economic development and thus enable to save billions of dollars spent on environment protection programms.

Three factors which determine the outcomes of politics of social divisions:

• The people's perception of their identities. When this is singular, the accommodation of other identities becomes difficult.
• Representation of a community by political leaders. ...
• The government's reaction.

Advantages of  Barter System:
The advantages of Barter System were Simplicity, More suitable in International trade, No problem of over-production and Under-production, No concentration of economic power.

• Barter system is very simple, without any complications and suitable in International trade.
• In this system the shortage of foreign exchange and imbalance in trade does not occur.
• In barter system there is no wastage which occur in monetary economy.because goods are not over produced or under produced.Only the required quantity is produced.
• The economic power is not concentrated at one particular place  in bater system because  people do not gather wealth.

Disadvantages  of  Barter System:
The disadvantages of barter system were Goods were limited, Need for Double Coincidence of wants, Difficulty of Division and Sub - division of Goods, Difficulty in calculating the value of goods, Difficulty in the case of services and Difficulty in Strong Value.

• In barter system the goods were limited. Barter system was lead only to lower level development.
• Barter system was good when needs were limited. Needs of man were increased but the supply of goods were not enough to satisfy man’s needs.
• Needs differentiate from man to man. If either parties get what they need then it is double coincidence. If not it is a trouble as they don’t get what they need.
• In the barter system it is difficult to divide and sub-divide goods.Posibility of exchange his good for only one good not for two or more.
• The value of the goods cannot be distributed equally as there were no measure during that period.
• The exchange of goods worth a service of a person was impossible as it was inconvenient to measure it. Barter sytem cannot exchange goods for services.
• Perishable goods could not saved as wealth for their future expenses. The economy could not contribute anything towards capital formation of the country too.

• Besides banks, the other major source of cheap credit in rural areas are the cooperatives.
• Members of a cooperative, pool their resources for cooperation in certain areas.
• Cooperatives form members, who accept deposits from its members. With these deposits as collateral, the cooperative obtains a large loan from the bank. These funds are used to provide loans to members. Once these loans are repaid, another round of lending can take place.

Ottoman Empire was a multinational, multilingual empire controlling most of Southeast Europe, parts of Central Europe, Western Asia, parts of Eastern Europe and the Caucasus, North Africa and the Horn of Africa. It was a muslim empire. It's captital was Constantinople.

It’s an event that mobilized nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe. Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century. This was a successful war of independence waged by Greek revolutionaries between 1821 and 1829 against the Ottoman Empire. The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence amongst the Greeks. Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many West Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture. Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilization and mobilized public opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire. The English poet Lord Byron organized funds and later went to fight in the war, where he died of fever in 1824. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognized Greece as an independent nation.

The government plays an important role in reducing economic disparities by adopting the following measures:
i. Government ensures equal distribution of wealth, so that there is not a large gap between the rich and the poor.
ii. Government undertakes extensive social welfare schemes and strives to achieve universal literacy rate.
iii. Government takes care to provide equal opportunities to all. The income should be eventually distributed among the people