Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar was nominated as a delegate of the oppressed classes for the Second Round Table Conference. In that Round Table Conference, he clashed with Mahatma Gandhi by demanding separate electorates for the Dalits.

When the British Government accepted the Ambedkar's demand, Gandhiji began a fast unto death. He believed that separate electorates for the Dalits would slow down the process of their integration into the society. This issues was eventually resolved through the Poona Pact of September 1932.

It gave the Depressed classes (which later came to be known as The Scheduled Castes) reserved seats in the provincial and central legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.

Conflicting Goals : What may be development for some may become destruction for some others. Example : Industrialists may want dams for electricity but such dams would displace the natives of a region by submerging their land.

Conflicting Goals : What may be development for some may become destruction for some others. Example : Industrialists may want dams for electricity but such dams would displace the natives of a region by submerging their land.

The Election Commission of India is responsible for the task of recognising political parties in India.

NOTE – Every party in India has to register with the Election Commission and it also lays down detailed criteria for state as well as national level parties to qualify as a particular “party.”

The caste system in India can also become politicised in the following ways:

• When a particular caste tries to gain prominence by adding many neighbouring castes and sub-castes which were earlier not included.
• The caste system also becomes politicised when caste groups are required to enter into a coalition with other castes. In such a case, every caste tries to gain maximum benefits for itself.
• Of late, many caste groups have gained entry into politics by terming themselves as ‘backward’ or ‘forward’ caste groups.

It is to be noticed that the existence of the caste system is itself not healthy for any democracy. It mostly produces negative results. In India, it has resulted in the vicious circle of poverty, unemployment and illiteracy for many castes. The caste system may also lead to caste division, caste violence and conflicts resulting in violence.

• Natural gas is an important clean energy resource found in association with or without petroleum.
• It is used as a source of energy as well as an industrial raw material in the petrochemical industry.
• Natural gas is considered an environment friendly fuel because of low carbon dioxide emissions and is, therefore, the fuel for the present century.
• Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the Krishna- Godavari basin. , reserves of the Mumbai High and allied fields , in theGulf of Cambay. ,Andaman and Nicobar islands. All these are thoroughly exploited.

Balkan was a cluster of present day countries like Serbia, albaria, Romania, etc..

- It was ruled by Ottoman empire and inhabitants were called slavs.

- disintegration of Ottoman empire and spread of nationalist ideas in Europe made this area very explosive.

- revolutionaries of this region demanded for independence.

- after the balkan states got independence, they were jealous of each other and wanted to extend their territories.

- European powers - austro-hungary, Russia, Germany and Britain wanted to extend their influence an dominance on this region.

- This led to series of wars known as world war 1

Right to Be Informed: A consumer has the right to have correct information about a product. There are rules which make it mandatory to mention ingredients and safety features on the pack of a product. Proper information helps a consumer to make informed buying decision. A pack of a product also needs to mention the MRP (Maximum Retail Price) and a consumer can complain if the seller asks for more than the MRP.

Right to Choose: A consumer has the right to choose from different options. A seller cannot just offer to sell only one brand to the consumer. The seller has to offer various options to the consumer. This right is usually enforced through laws against monopoly trade.

Right to Seek Redressal: If a consumer gets affected by false promises made by the producer or suffers because of manufacturing defect; he has the right to seek redressal. Suppose you took a mobile connection and the bill shows many hidden charges which were not explained to you earlier. Or the mobile company activated a ringtone without your permission. Then you can go to the consumer court to put your case.

The Ethnic composition of Belgium is very complex. Of the country’s total population, 59 per cent lives in the Flemish region and speak Dutch language. Another 40 per cent people live in the Wallonia region and speak French. 1 per cent of the Belgians speak German. To rule this regionally and culturally, diverse country is not very easy.
Thus, the government has taken some measures
(i) Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers shall be equal in the Central Government.
(ii) Many power of the Central Government have been given to State Governments, erf’ die two regions of the ’ country.
(iii) Brussels, the capital of Belgium, has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representations.

Women all over the world tried to achieve gender equality through radical movements and Political Empowerment.
(i) Women in different parts of the world organised themselves into radical movements and agitated : for equal treatment and equal rights.
(ii) Their main demands were the extension of voting rights to women and equal status in private and public life.
(iii) The radical movement also demanded enhancement of the political and legal status of women through political empowerment.

Gandhi had made certain demands on behalf of the whole of the Indian National Congress to the British Government. When these demands were not fulfilled, the Civil Disobedience Movement was launched in 1930. The following are four important features of the movement:

1. The movement began with Gandhi’s march from Sabarmati to the coastal town of Dandi in Gujarat. On 6th April, Gandhi reached Dandi where he broke the Salt Law in defiance of the British, by making salt from sea water.  

2. All classes and categories of people were now asked to not only be uncooperative of the British regime but also break unjust colonial laws.  

3. As soon as the movement started, all important leaders including Gandhi and Nehru were arrested. In all, 90,000 people were arrested and 67 newspapers were banned. 

4. During the movement, salt was manufactured in many areas, foreign cloth was boycotted, liquor shops were picketed and peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes. A large number of village officials also resigned and forest laws were violated on a large scale. 

Municipal corporation:

• The municipal corporations are formed for the administration of big cities like Delhi, Hyderabad, and Mumbai more which have a ‘population’ of over 100000 people.
• The Municipal corporations consist of councils which have ‘Councilors’ directly elected by the ‘people’.  
• The councils are headed by the Mayor and a Deputy Mayor.

Municipality:

• The municipality is formed for the administration of smaller towns and cities which have a smaller number of population between 25000 - 100000 people.
• The municipality is set up by the process of state legislatures. This also has council and ‘counsellor’ directly elected by the ‘people’.  
• It is ‘headed’ by a President or a Chairman.

The pace of development of a country depends upon the production of goods and services as well as their movement over space. Therefore, efficient means of transport is a prerequisite for fast development.  (i) For a long time, trade and transport were restricted to a limited space.  (ii) With the development in science and technology, the area of influence of trade and transport expanded far and wide.  (iii) Today, the world has been connected into a large village with the help of efficient and fast moving transport.  (iv) Transport has been able to achieve this with the help of equally developed communication system. Therefore, transport, communication and trade are complementary to each other.

In the eighteenth century, books and novels were seen as instruments of both revolutionary and evolutionary change. It was believed that the wisdom spread by the printed paper would eventually push the world towards a more democratic society where despotism would be banished. Hence, Louise-Sebastien Mercier, an eighteenth century French novelist made the statement - "Tremble, therefore, tyrants of the world! Tremble before the virtual writer!"