Gandhi had made certain demands on behalf of the whole of the Indian National Congress to the British Government. When these demands were not fulfilled, the Civil Disobedience Movement was launched in 1930. The following are four important features of the movement:

1. The movement began with Gandhi’s march from Sabarmati to the coastal town of Dandi in Gujarat. On 6th April, Gandhi reached Dandi where he broke the Salt Law in defiance of the British, by making salt from sea water.  

2. All classes and categories of people were now asked to not only be uncooperative of the British regime but also break unjust colonial laws.  

3. As soon as the movement started, all important leaders including Gandhi and Nehru were arrested. In all, 90,000 people were arrested and 67 newspapers were banned. 

4. During the movement, salt was manufactured in many areas, foreign cloth was boycotted, liquor shops were picketed and peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes. A large number of village officials also resigned and forest laws were violated on a large scale

The government started negotiations with Gandhi (who was in jail) to bring an end to the Civil Disobedience Movement. This resulted in the signing of a pact between Lord Irwin, the Viceroy of India and Gandhi which came to be known as the “Gandhi Irwin Pact”.

1) A major step towards decentralization was taken in 1992. The constitution was amended to form the third-tier of democracy a lot of powerful and effective.

2) Rural authorities is popularly noted by the name panchayati rule. every village or a group of villages in some states contains a gram punchayet.

3) This can be a council consisting of many ward members often known as punch.

4) A few gram punchayets are classified along to create what's typically known as a panchayat samiti or block or mandal.

5) Local government bodies exist for urban areas similarly municipalities are started in cities. huge cities are ingrained into municipal companies.

The various challenges faced by political parties are-

Lack of internal democracy-

a. Concentration of power in one or few leaders at the top.

b. Parties don’t keep membership registers, don’t hold internal elections regularly.

c. They don’t have the means or the connections needed to influence the decision.

Challenges of Dynastic Succession-

a. The top positions are always controlled by members of one family.

b. This is unfair to other members of respective party.

c. People who don’t have adequate experience or popular support come to or occupy position of power. This is not good for democracy.

Money and Muscle power-

a. They tend to nominate those candidates who have or can raise lots of money.

b. Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties tend to have an influence on the policies and decisions.

c. In some cases, parties support criminals who can win elections.

Absences of meaningful choice-

a. In recent years there has been a decline in the ideological differences almost all parties in the world.

b. In our country also there has been a difference among all the major parties on the economic policies.

c. Sometimes people re-elect the same leader because they keep shifting from one party to another.

No material choice for the workers-

a. The people are left with no choice.

b. Almost all the parties have more or less the same policies and programmes.

REMOVING barriers or restrictions set by the government is known as liberalisation.

• Liberalisation of foreign trade raises volume of trade.
• It will attract foreign investments which industry will prosper.
• Surplus production of each country will be exported and required cheaper goods will be imported.
• Foreign trade is considered to be an engine of economic growth of the country. It integrates an economy to a global village.
• Liberalisation has resulted in more choice for the consumers. Now they get better quality and at lower prices products.
• Liberalisation makes imports and exports easier. It promotes the Indian economy.

The outcomes of democracy are: 

1. Accountable , legitimate , responsive government: Democracy ensures free and fair elections. By doing so, it helps to install an accountable, legitimate and responsive government.

 2. Economic growth and development: It is expected from democracy to bring economic development because, it works on the principle of equality.

 3. Reduction of inequality and poverty : Equality before law is the principal outcome of democracy

 4. Accommodation of social diversity : Democracy is a binding force that facilitates people of all religions, races, caste or creed. Hence it accommodates social diversity.

 5. Dignity and freedom of the citizens: Democracy secures multiple rights of the individual to keep his dignity and freedom intact.

The Belgian leaders recognised the existence of regional and cultural diversities. (a) They amended their constitution four times so as to work out an innovative arrangement that would enable everyone to live together in peace and harmony, i.e., there was sharing of power between the Dutch and the French both in the central government; state government and community government. They followed a policy of accommodation.
(b) This helped to avoid civic strife and division of the country on linguistic lines.
(c) On the other hand, the Sinhalese who were in majority in Sri Lanka as compared to the Tamils followed a policy of majoritarianism and adopted a series of measures to establish Sinhala supremacy by passing an Act of 1956. These measures alienated the Tamils leading to civic strife between the two communities.
We find that both Belgium and Sri Lanka dealt with the issue of power sharing differently. In Belgium, the leaders respected the interests of both linguistic groups and avoided any possibilities of clashes among the Dutch- and French-speaking communities. In Sri Lanka, however, the assertive policies of the majority community led to a civil war threatening the unity and integrity of the country.

• On 13th April 1919, the infamous Jallianwala Bagh incident took place.
• On that day, a crowd of villagers who had come to Amritsar to attend a fair gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwala Bagh.
• Being from outside the city, they were unaware of the martial law that had been imposed.
• General Dyer entered the area, blocked the only exit point, and opened fire on the crowd, killing and wounding hundreds of people.
• His objective was to ‘produce a moral effect’ to create in the minds of satyagrahis, a feeling of terror and awe.
• As the news spread, crowds took to the streets. There were strikes, clashes with police and attacks on government buildings. The government responded with brutal repression. Seeing violence spread, Mahatma Gandhi called off the movement.

During the period between 1926-1930 there was widespread hardships among the people because of the great depression. On top of that Tory government in Britain constituted a statutory commusuin under Sur John Simon. Set up in response of the nationalist movement. The commission was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India. But the problem was there was no single Indian member un the commission.

UNDER globalisation, particularly after 1990, the farmers in India have been exposed to new challenges. Despite being an important producer of rice, cotton, rubber, tea, coffee and spices our agricultural products are not able to compete with the developed countries because of the highly subsidised agriculture in those countries. Today, Indian agriculture finds itself at the cross roads. To make agriculture successful and profitable, proper thrust should be given to the improvement of the condition of marginal and small farmers.

Consequences of the Rowlatt act:

Rallies were organized in various cities. Worker went on strike in railway workshop. Shops closed down. British scared that line of communication such as railway line and telegraph would be disrupted. Alarmed by popular upsurge, British decided to clamp down on nationalists. Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar. Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.

The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement. The main differences between these two movements are
(i) The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched in 1921 by Gandhiji, but the Civil Disobedience Movement was launched in 1930.
(ii) The Non-Cooperation Movement started with middle class participation whereas the Civil Disobedience Movement was first supported by the Industrialists like GD Birla, Purshottamdas Thakur.
(iii) Due to Khalifa issues Muslim community participated in Non-Cooperation on large scale. But the growing proximity of the Congress party and Hindu Mahasabha prevented the Muslims to participate in Civil Disobedience Movement.
(iv) The Non-Cooperation Movement was withdrawn by Gandhiji due to violent incident at Chauri Chaura.
But the Civil Disobedience Movement was withdrawn in 1931, when Gandhi signed ‘Gandhi-Irwin’ pact.
(v) In Non-Cooperation Movement, Women did not participate in large scale. But large scale participation of women is one of the most significant features of the Civil Disobedience Movement.