Some important qualifications for a democracy which will expand its definition are
(i) The rulers elected by the people must take all the . major decisions.
(ii) Elections must offer a choice and a fair opportunity to the people to change the current rulers.
(iii) This choice and opportunity should be available to all the people on an equal basis.
(iv) The exercise of this choice must lead to a government, limited by basic rules of the Constitution and the citizens’ rights.

Following is the classification of industries on the basis of capital investment:

1. Small-scale Industries: A small-scale industry is defined with reference to the maximum investment allowed on the assets of a unit. This limit has changed over a period of time. At present, the maximum investment allowed is rupees 1 crore.
2. Large-scale Industries: If investment is more than rupees 1 crore on any industry, then it is known as a large-scale industry.

The concept of Patriarchy refers to a system that values men more and gives them power over women.

(i) Initially, primary sector was the main economic activity.
(ii) Dueto improved methods of farming, productivity of agriculture sector increased. Therefore, more persons were taking up other activities like trading, transport, army, administration etc.
(iii) Secondary sector (or manufacturing sector) became the most important sector for production and employment, over a long period of time. This was a shift from primary to secondary sector as more and more factories were started.
(iv) In developed countries a further shift from secondary sector to tertiary sector is observed in past 100 years. Major portion of the working population is engaged in service sector.
In conclusion, in developed economies, tertiary sector has gained an important position.

Language policy is a safeguard to the languages. It is one of the important aspects of our constitution. Under this policy besides Hindi, 21 other languages are recognised as scheduled languages by the constitution.\Main features of India's language policy are as follows:
(i) Our Constitution does not provide for any national language; the government however has accorded the status of official language to Hindi.
(ii) Each state in India has its own official language.
(iii) Beside Hindi, there are 21 other languages recognised as 'scheduled languages' by the constitution. Other languages are recognised as the non-scheduled languages.

Formal Sector: The formal Sector comprises of banks and cooperative societies.

While the formal sector is bound by the rules and regulations of the RBI and charge the prevalent rate of interest as per RBI guidelines; the informal lenders are not bound by such rules. The informal lenders usually charge a very high rate of interest. A higher cost of borrowing is often detrimental to the borrower. It usually results in a debt trap for the borrower. The borrower is seldom able to escape the never ending cycle of loan repayment.

Demand Draft is a pre-paid instrument, wherein Bank by whom the DD has been made undertakes responsibility to make full payment.
A method used by individuals to make transfer payments from one bank account to another. Demand drafts are marketed as a relatively secure method for cashing checks. The major difference between demand drafts and normal checks is that demand drafts do not require a signature in order to be cashed.

A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. They agree on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promote the collective good.

A political party tries to convince people that its policies are better than others’ policies. They try to win elections so that they can implement their policies.

In 1815, the European powers met at Vienna and tried to transform all the changes that came about in Europe during ’ Napoleon’s era.

The four major proposals/features of the Vienna Congress were

(i) The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power and France lost the territories it had annexed.

(ii) A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent the French expansion in future. Thus, the kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the North and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the South.

(iii) Prussia was given important new territories on its . Western frontiers, while Austria was given control of Northern Italy.

(iv) The German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched.

Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian nationalist revolutionary who fought for Italian independence and political unification. In 1848, he played an important role in the movement for Italian freedom by organising the Red Shirts, a corps of volunteers. He also formed an alliance with Victor Emanuel, the king of Sardinia, and Count Cavour. Because of his popularity, a large number of Italians pledged their allegiance to the king of Sardinia. Later in 1859, Garibaldi launched a campaign against Austria. He conquered Sicily and Naples in 1860. Soon, there was a revolt in the Papal States and they joined the fledgling Italian Republic. As a result of this unification, a united Italy was finally established in 1861 with Victor Emanuel as its king.

Nationalist teneion emerged in the Balkans because the Balkan states were aspiring for nationalism.
The Balkans was a region comprising modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece,
Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro and their inhabitants were called Slavs.
In 19th century, the major portion of the Balkans was under the Ottoman Empire.
The ideas of romantic nationalism developed in the Balkans. The rebellions nationalities in the Balkans thought that their struggle was the attempt to win back their long-lost independence.

'Development for one can be destruction for others'. I totally agree with the statement.
Consider the following example:
A builder took a contract of constructing a dam over a river.The river provided water for irrigation to the farmers there.But now due to the construction of dam, the farmers living there will not be getting sufficient water for irrigation. Moreover a major landmass will be occupied for the construction of dam.
By this example we see that the construction of dam was development for the builder but a destruction for farmers.

Some suggestions to reform political parties are
(i) Anti-Defection Law prevents elected MLAs and MPs from changing parties. At the same time, this law has made any dissent even more difficult.
(ii) It is mandatory for every candidate to give details of his property and criminal cases pending against him.
(iii) Political parties should maintain a register of its members and have periodic elections for its office bearers.
(iv) Political parties should have one-third seats reserved for women.
(v) The government should give parties money to support their election expenses.
(vi) People should put pressure on political parties through petitions, publicity and agitations.

Following are some importance of Indian Trade for The British.

•  British export cotton from India to England
•  They were earning profits for WWI(WORLD WAR FIRST) but after WW1 there was huge development in defence expenditure.
•  They give less wages or sometimes even not single rupee for the work and earn huge profit by dealing with other countries like Europe.
•  Now, Indian Workers work for British landlords for plantation in Assam without even moving for hours.

When a person or a group of persons are engaged in the production or distribution of goods or services which are meant mainly for the purpose of sale, it is called an enterprise.
Enterprises can be classified into Private sector enterprise and Public sector enterprise.

One of the most important factors that shaped Indian politics during the late 1920 was the global reprecussions of he Great Economic Dperession. As a result of the Depression, agricultural prices fell manifold and ultimately collapsed in 1930. As a result of this, agricultural goods eemand fell and exports declined sharply. This directly affected the peasants' ability to pay revenue. As a result, by 1930S, the rural Indian heartland was in great utrmoil.
Secondly, the the Constitution of the Simon Commission and the lack of Indian representation in it resulted in widepsread protests in India. The continued indifference of the British government to the national aspirations of the Indians resulted in the radical leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose gaining an upperhand within the Congress. This prompted Congress to demand complete political independence from British rule and later resulted in the onset of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Petroleum refineries act as a "nodal industry Because it provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and raw materials for a number of manufacturing industries like synthetic textile fertilizer and numerous chemical industries.
that's why petroleum called as a nodal industry.

The finest quality of iron ore is Magnetite with a very high content of iron i.e. upto 70%.

NOTE – Iron ores refers to rocks and minerals from which metallic iron is extracted. It is the basic mineral and backbone of the developing industry in India. Magnetite, the finest quality of iron ore, has excellent magnetic qualities especially valuable in the electrical industry.

As per the latest Census Report, 1991 of India held in 1991 there are 1500 distinct languages. These languages were grouped together under some major languages. For example languages like Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Bundelkhandi, Chhattisgarhi, Rajasthani, Bhili and many others were grouped together under ‘Hindi’. Even after this grouping, the Census found 114 major languages. Of these 22 languages are now included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution and are therefore called ‘Scheduled Languages’. Others are called ‘non- Scheduled Languages’. In terms of languages,

The Election Commission allots symbols to recognised political parties and the candidates for elections.

1)Basic services like education, healthcare, banking etc are required in a developing country like India, which are mostly cared of by the government.
(ii) Developments in agriculture and industry have led to requirement of services like transport, storage, trade etc.
(iii) When income levels rise, people start demanding more services like shopping malls, tourism, professional training etc. This increases the demand for such services, especially in urban areas.

The three ways of solving this problem are:

1. Judicial usage of crude oil can help in reduction of its rate of depletion.

Avoid unnecessary usage of vehicles and try to walk instead for short distances.

2. Try finding alternatives to crude oil such as renewable sources of energy like wind energy, hydropower,etc.

3. Avoid using plastics and try using reusable cloth materials since plastics are made from oil.