The War led to a huge increase in defence expenditure. This was financed by war loans and by increasing taxes. Customs duties were raised and income tax was introduced to raise extra revenue. Prices of items increased during the war years. The prices doubled between 1913 and 1918. The common people were the worst sufferers because of price rise. Forced recruitment of rural people in the army was another cause of widespread anger among people.

Crop failure in many parts of India resulted in acute shortage of food. Influenza epidemic further aggravated the problem. According to 1921 census, about 12 to 13 million people died because of famines and epidemic.

-In most of the democracies a small number of ultra rich enjoy a highly disproportionate share of wealth and income

-The share of rich class is increasing where as those who are at the bottom of the society have very little to depend upon

-even in India the poor constitutive large proportion of our voters and no party will like to lose its votes . Yet democratically elected government do not appear to be as keen to address the question of poverty as one would expect them to.

-The situation is much worse in some other countries. In Bangladesh more than half of its population lives in poverty. People in several poor countries are now depended on the rich countries even for the food supplies

-Even the Indian democracy has also failed to tackle the issue of inequality. Even after more than 65years of independence, more than 30% of the people still survive only with 1.25dollar per day

In 1815, the representatives of the European powers - Britain, Russia,Prussia and Austria wanted to establish long-lasting peace and stability after they defeated Napolean.
Thus, they drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the intenstion of undoing most of the changes brought about during the Napoleonic wars and creating a new conservative order in Europe.

• The Bourbon dynasty was brought back to power and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.  
• To prevent the French evasion, a series of states werre set up on the boundaries of France.
• This lead to the setting up of kingdom of the Netherlands (inclusive of Belgium) in the north and the kingdom of Genoa (added to Piedmont) in the south.
• Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy.
• However, Napolean's German confederation of 39 states was left untouched.
• In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony. 

Rinderpest refers to the cattle plague in Africa in 1890s. This disease show that how during this era of conquest even a disease affecting cattle reshaped the lives and fortunes of thousands of people. The infected cattle was imported from British Asia into Africa to feed Italian soldiers. The following were the impact of Rinderpest on people's livelihoods and the local economy in Africa:

• It destroyed nearly 90% of the livestock.
• It destroyed the livelihood of the Natives.
• Mine owners and colonial powers benefited by it as they monopolized what scarce cattle resources remained and Africa ceased to be a free continent.

The large landowners in Prussia were called Junkers.

After the Frankfurt parliament was forced to disband due to the opposition of the Prussian monarchy and military, the responsibility of nation building was taken up by the monarchy and aristocracy under prime minister Otto Von Bismarck.

Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France led to Prussian victory and German unification.

The Prussian monarchy was supported by the Junkers.

Role of Mazzini in the unification of Italy were: 

(i) Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary, born in Genoa in 1807. 

(ii) He became member of various secret societies such as ‘Young Italy’ or ‘Young Europe’. 

(iii) He attempted revolution in Liguria. 

(iv) He wanted unification with wider alliance of nations. 

(v) He frightened conservatives through opposition of monarchy and vision of democratic republics. 

(vi) He favoured war for unification of Italy. 

(vii) He wanted Economic development and Political dominance.

The Indian Railway is now reorganised into 16 zones. The distribution pattern of the Railway network in the country has been largely influenced by physiographic, economic and administrative factors.

Banks accept deposits from people who have surplus money, paying them interest on these deposits.
The banks use the major portion of the deposits to extend loans to those who need money, charging them slightly higher interest than what they pay to the depositors.
This difference is the major source of income for banks. In this way banks mediate between those who have surplus money and those who need money.

Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in 1915. In South Africa, he had successfully fought the racist regime with a notel method known as Satyagraha.
The three reasons stating the fact are
(i) The idea of Satyagraha emphasised the power of truth which would ultimately triumph; Gandhiji believed that the dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians.
In India, Gandhiji launched Satyagraha movements in various areas like Champaran, Kheda and Ahmedabad.
(ii) In 1919, the Rowlatt Act was passed by the Imperial Legislative Assembly which gave enormous power to the British Government.
The government could detain any political prisoner without any trial for two years. The aim of this Act was to repress political activities of the nationalists. People were agitating against the law.
(iii) On 13th April, 1919, the infamous incident took place where hundreds of innocent people were killed. As the news of Jallianwalla Bagh spread, widespread movement started.
Gandhiji now felt the need to launch a more broad based movement in India.

The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement. The main differences between these two movements are
(i) The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched in 1921 by Gandhiji, but the Civil Disobedience Movement was launched in 1930.
(ii) The Non-Cooperation Movement started with middle class participation whereas the Civil Disobedience Movement was first supported by the Industrialists like GD Birla, Purshottamdas Thakur.
(iii) Due to Khalifa issues Muslim community participated in Non-Cooperation on large scale. But the growing proximity of the Congress party and Hindu Mahasabha prevented the Muslims to participate in Civil Disobedience Movement.
(iv) The Non-Cooperation Movement was withdrawn by Gandhiji due to violent incident at Chauri Chaura.
But the Civil Disobedience Movement was withdrawn in 1931, when Gandhi signed ‘Gandhi-Irwin’ pact.
(v) In Non-Cooperation Movement, Women did not participate in large scale. But large scale participation of women is one of the most significant features of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

A barrier to trade is a government imposed restraint on the flow of international goods or services. The most common barrier to trade is a tariff—a tax on imports. Tariffs raise the price of imported goods relative to domestic goods.

As wind blows it carries sand other dust particles along it. As the speed of the wind slows down the sand and dust particles settle on the surface of the earth and forms pile. This phenomenon is responsible for the formation of sand dunes. Sand dunes are formed mostly in desert areas where sand is found is found in abundance. When wind blows in these areas, it lifts and transports sand from one place to another. When the wind stops blowing or reduces its speed, the heavier sand particles fall and get deposited in low hill-like structures. These are called the sand dunes.

Gandhiji, in his famous book, Hind Swaraj (1909) observed that British rule in India was established because of the cooperation of Indians which was also responsible for its survival. However, a movement for not obeying the orders of the British i.e. "NonCooperation movement" could eventually lead to the collapse of the British rule and Swaraj would come.
1. Gandhiji proposed that the movement should unfold in stages.
2. It should begin with the surrender of the titles that the government had awarded and a complete boycott of civil services, army police, courts, legislative councils, schools and foreign goods.
3. The idea was a complete boycott of anything that was associated with the British' and symbolized British Dominance'. He further mentioned that if the government used repression, a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched.
4. Mahatma Gandhi along with Shaukat Ali made serious attempts to persuade people across the entire subcontinent by extensively touring and gathering popular support.