Khilafat Movement - The treatment meted out by the British government to the Caliph of Turkey disturbed the Indian Muslims as he was seen as their religious head. As a result, they started the Khilafat Movement under the leadership of the Ali brothers, Maulana Azad, Hasrat Mohani, etc. Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to achieve the much desired Hindu-Muslim unity and made efforts to make common cause with the Khilafat leaders. He was elected as the President of the All-India Khilafat Conference in 1919 and advised the Khilafat Committee to adopt a policy of non-cooperation with the British government. The Khilafat leaders agreed and campaigned accordingly. Thus, the Khilafat Movement furthered the cause of the Non-cooperation Movement.

Rowlatt Act - The Rowlatt Act of 1919 authorised the British government to arrest and imprison any person without trial and convict him in a court. The authorities could arrest an Indian without a warrant and could conduct his trial in seclusion. Also, the Act implied severe restrictions on movements of individuals and suspension of the Right of Habeas Corpus. This was seen as a major breach of trust by Indians who were expecting the British to deliver on their promise of providing self-government. Gandhiji appealed to the Viceroy to withhold his consent to the Act but his plea fell on deaf ears.

Jalianwala Bagh Tragedy - The Jalianwala Bagh massacre and the subsequent British reaction to it was a watershed event in the Indian freedom struggle. It led to a huge furor all over the country and hardened the Congress resolve to attain self government.

The Vernacular Press Act was passed in 1878, modelled on the Irish Press Laws, to curtail the freedom of the Indian-language press. Proposed by Lord Lytton, then viceroy of India, the act was intended to prevent the vernacular press from expressing criticism of British policies—notably, the opposition that had grown with the outset of the second Anglo-Afghan war (1878–80). The act excluded English-language publications. It elicited strong and sustained protests from a wide spectrum of the Indian populace.

The act provided the colonial government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press. From now on the government kept regular track of the vernacular newspaper published in different provinces. When a report was judged as seditious, the newspaper was warned. If the newspaper ignored the warning, the government had the right to seize the press and confiscate the printing machinery.

A variety of Indian merchants and bankers were involved in the export trade in early 18th century.
They were financing production, carryinggoods and supplying exporters. The supply merchants linked the port towns to the inland regions.
They gave advances to the weavers, procured the woven cloth from weaving villages and carried the supply to the ports. At the port, the big shippers and export merchants had "brokers who negotiated ’ the price and bought goods from the supply merchants operating inland.

Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country in 1948. The democratically elected government adopted a series of measures to establish Sinhala supremacy.

1. In 1956, an Act was passed to make Sinhala as the official language.
2. The government followed preferential policies favouring Sinhala applicants for University positions and government jobs.
3. The constitution provided for State protection for Buddhism.

       The Sri Lankan Tamils felt that none of the major political parties led by the Buddhist Sinhala leaders were sensitive to their language and culture and denied them equal political rights which led to increased feeling of alienation among them.

In spite of industrial growth, large industries formed only a small segment of the economy. About 67% of the large industries were located in Bengal and Bombay. Small-scale production continued to prevail in the rest of the country. Only a small portion of the industrial workforce worked in registered factories. This share was just 5% in 1911 and 10% in 1931.

The three main features of Kharif crop are:

1. Rabi crops are grown with the onset of monsoon and harvested in September- October.

2. Paddy, jowar, maize, and bajra are examples of Rabi crop.

3. These crops receive rain from southwest monsoon winds.

1. The National Highways help in interstate transport.

2. These National Highways are constructed and maintained by the Central Government.

3. National Highway Authority of India is responsible for the maintenance and development of the National Highways.

4. National Highways constitute nearly forty per cent of the total road traffic and 1.7% of the total road length.

5. These National Highways help in movement of defence personnel in all states and cities.

6. It helps in the quick movement of men and material between different state capitals, cities and ports.

According to several historians, in 1760s an Englishman Arkwright invented a machine called the spinning frame, a device that could spin 128 threads at the same time.

a. Most of our leaders during the course of national movement were aware about the principle of federalism.The government of India Act of 1935 served as an important step towards the framing of Constitution as it provided for an All India federation with division of powers between the Provinces and British India.

b. As country gained independence our political leadership realised the importance of sharing powers between the centre and the States.

c. They believed that in order to govern a large territory like India, it was imperative to divide the powers between the centre and the state.

d. At the same time, in looking into the social, regional and linguistic diversity of the country, there was much of the consensus that adequate representation to such diverse interests could only come about through federalism.

e. However, since India emerged independent under difficult and painful circumstances. Partition of the country, problem with regard to integration of princely states, socio economic problems like poverty, illiteracy, inequalities made it imperative to opt for a strong centre.

f. Thus, the Constitution declared India as a Union of States and does not use the word federalism to prevent disintegration of the country.

Ernst Renan was a French philosopher and attributes of a nation are according to him as follows—  
(i) A nation is not formed by a common language, race, religion or territory.  
(ii)To form a nation, social capital, common glories and deeds of the past and common will are necessary.  
(iii) Nation is a large scale solidarity.  
(iv) Inhabitants of a nation have the right to be consulted in reference of large scale solidarity.  
(v) The existence of a nation is not only a good thing but also a necessity.  
(vi) A nation has never any real interest in annexing or holding on to a country against its will.
Importance of Nation according to Renam  
(i) Existence of the nation is a guarantee of liberty.  
(ii) Liberty will not be more in case the world had only one law and only one master.

Because even though it is a small country, it has diverse population made up of multilingual groups. These multilingual groups have their own interest which might lead to social conflict. to avoid these conflicts they have adopted federalism. 

During the period between 1926-1930 there was widespread hardships among the people because of the great depression. On top of that Tory government in Britain constituted a statutory commusuin under Sur John Simon. Set up in response of the nationalist movement. The commission was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India. But the problem was there was no single Indian member un the commission.

In bi party system, only two parties exist and contest in elections. This looks like democratic system,

multi-party system is a system in which multiple political parties across the political spectrum run for national election, and all have the capacity to gain control of government.