India had a long tradition of building various structures to manage water resources. Irrigation systems were built as early as during the Mauryan Empire.

At present, many multipurpose dam projects had been built in India. These dams serve many purposes. They prevent flood by checking the flow of water. The water from the dams is used through a system of canals to irrigate far flung areas. Dams are also used for electricity generation. Moreover, drinking water is also supplied from the dams.

But dams have caused a lot of people being displaced from their ancestral lands. Additionally, a vast tract of land gets submerged in the catchment area of dam. This results in large scale environmental consequences. Due to these reasons, many movement groups have begun protesting against building of large dams. Narmada Bachao Andolan is an example of one such movement.

The basic idea behind SHGS as follows;

1. It helps poor rural people especially women to become self reliant.

2. It helps poor to overcome the problem of lack of collateral and provides credit at cheap interseat.

3. With this credit they are enabled with variety of job opportunity as they can open a small cottage industry etc.

4.  By saving money regularly in SHGS, they can get a loan from a bank.

5. Moreover daily meetings provide them a platform to discuss on  various social issues like nutrition, child marriage , domestic violence etc.

Power sharing in simple words is sharing of responsibility & powers among diffent organ of govenment. Power sharing is a strategy for resolving disputes over whoshould have the powerful position in the social hierarchy.

It is very difficult to make changes to the power sharing arrangements between the union government and state governments due to the following reasons :

(i) There is clear distinction of power between state and centre through three list system.
(ii) In this arrangement constitution clearly lays down the division of powers between Union and State. So for any changes, it has to go through the amendment procedures which is difficult.
(iii) Here, the centre has a general authority, but the regional or state governments are given autonomy. Therefore, interference in each other’s jurisdiction for any change is difficult.

(i) The sharing of powers among political parties, pressure groups and movements ensures the influence in decision making process as democracy implies people’s choice among various contenders.
(ii) Regarding political parties this sharing takes place in the way of political competition among different parties. This in turn ensures that power does not remain in one hand.
(iii) In the case of coalition government this sharing becomes direct when two or more parties form an alliance to contest election and if their alliance is elected.
(iv) At the same time, pressure group and movements influence power sharing through dharna, rallies, protest, strike etc.
(v) In anotherway by becomingthe member of committee ora part of the planning commission.

(i) Labour was in abundance.
(ii) Job opportunities were few.
(iii) Job seekers who came from villages had to spend the night under bridges or in night shelters and they had no place to stay in the city.
(iv) Much of the work was seasonal in nature such as bookbinding.
(v) Wages were low and life was difficult when prices of goods in the city rose sharply.
(vi) Workers had to look for odd jobs when they could not find proper employment in factories.

In the 19th century self sufficiency in food meant lower living standards and social conflict in Britain .

•   Population growth from the late 18th century has increased the demand for food grains in Britain . As urban centres expanded and industry grew the demand for agricultural products went up pushing the food grain prices up
•  Under pressure from landed groups the government also restricted the import of crops. The laws allowing the government to do this was termed as the corn law. Unhappy with the high food prices urban dwellers and industrialists forced the abolition of corn laws.
•  After the corn laws were scapped food could be imported more cheaply than it could be produced within the country. British agriculture were unable to compete with the imports. vast areas were left unccultivated . Thousands of men and women were thrown out of work.

Democracy is a rule 'of the people' by the people' and 'for the people'. The representatives of the people carry on the work of administration. Some conditions are required for the implementation of the ideals, principles and norms of democracy. They are:

1. For an ideal democracy both the rulers and the ruled should be responsible.

2. The rulers should take up policies for the welfare of the people since they have been chosen by the people. The rulers should not misuse their powers or the public money.

3. The people who are ruled have to make the right choice of representatives. For this they have to be aware of the policies of the government and know all about the leaders. So that they can make the right choice of representatives. And support the right policies.

4. The people must understand their responsibilities along with their rights. They should use their rights in the proper manner.

The money that is spent to buy assets such as land, building, machines and other equipments is called investment.
The companies which make foreign investment are Ford Motors, Nike, Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Honda, Nokia and Tata Motors, Infosys, Ranbaxy, Asian Paints, etc of India.

Public facilities are those provided by government instead of individuals because many people's are not able to purchase these facilities, they may be highly payable costs and without these important facilities resulting in difficulties faced like inadequate Healthcare, poor nutrition job, education etc.

some of the public facilities are :

•  the public distribution system (PDS) which provide their average quality of food grains and other essential items to the weaker section of the population at subsidised price.
•   the other in government hospitals and dispensaries.
•  providing safe drinking water to all.
•   preventing infectious diseases.
•   Ensuring pollution free environment

(i) Cater to the needs of large domestic markets.
(ii) Cotton growing areas spreaded over many new areas – Rajasthan, Punjab.
(iii) Decentralized to provide scope of incorporating traditional skills and design weaving in cotton silk, zari and embroidery etc.

Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives
(a) Almost everything we use, from a tiny pin to a towering building or a big ship, all are made from minerals.
(b) The railway lines and the tarmac (paving) of the roads, our implements and machinery too are made from minerals.
(c) Cars, buses, trains, aeroplanes are manufactured from minerals and run on power resources derived from the earth.
(iv) Even the food that we eat contains minerals.
(v) In all stages of development, human beings have used minerals for their livelihood, decoration, festivities, religious and ceremonial rites.

 Pressure groups and movements have deepened democracy :

(a) It reminds the government of the needs and concerns of ordinary citizens.

(b) Put pressure on the rulers for the unhealthy activities.

(c) It performs a useful role of countering undue influence of the rich and powerful people.

(d) One single group cannot achieve dominance over society.
(e) The government gets to hear about what different sections of the population want.
(f) This leads to a rough balance of power and accommodation of conflicting interests

 Democracy and the economic outcomes :

(a) Slow economic development and economic growth due to population.
(b) Basic needs of life, such as food clothing, shelter are difficult to achieve.(c) Prevalence of economic inequalities.
(d) Poverty is still a big issue.
(e) Allocation of resources in few hands.
(f) Unjust distribution of goods and opportunities.

India was facing many issues in the agricultural sector. A few of them are highlighted below:

1. The Britishers had introduced the Zamindari system. This implied that every owner or zamindar had complete control over land. The farmers worked on it, and the ultimate benefits were taken by the zamindars. The actual tillers of the soil were left without much crop, money and were helpless in this situation.

2. The average size of holdings was very small. It was more prominent in densely populated areas such as Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab etc. Subdivision and fragmentation of holdings led to low agricultural productivity.

3. Good quality seeds were not distributed. The farmers had to pay an exorbitant amount to get access to these better seeds.

4. Deletion and lack of replenishment of the soil was another issue. Manure and fertilizers were not provided to the farmers, which could have helped them.

5. In India, rainfall is uncertain and irregular. This implies that adequate water is not available for the crops.

6. Maximum work was done by the manual labour. Although, other countries were using advanced machinery in the agriculture sector.

7. Large areas of land were suffered from soil erosion through water and wind.

8. The lack of marketing facility implied that the workers had to be depended upon the middlemen to transfer their goods to the market areas.

9. There were no storage facilities in rural areas. The farmers had to sell their produce immediately after harvesting it at the current price was very low.

10. Many villages were not connected with proper roads. The lack of cheap and efficient means created further problems to take their crops to the market.

11. The farmers did not have adequate capital to support their requirements. They had to resort to money lenders who charged a high rate of interest and exploited them.

All such issues prevailing in the economy led to the introduction of various technological and institutional reforms made in India in the agricultural field are:

1. Land reforms: Consolidation of holdings, the abolition of zamindari system etc

2. Agricultural reforms: Green revolution and White revolution

3. The issue of Kisan credit cards, Personal accident insurance scheme

4. Weather bulletin for farmers.

5. Provision of crop insurance for farmers in case of drought, flood, etc

6. Provision of HYV seeds, manures, fertilisers, insecticide and pesticide.

7. Providing storage facility and transport facility.

Governments try to attract more foreign investment for the following reasons
(i) It helps in improving the financial condition of the people by accelerating growth of the economy.
(ii) Foreign investments create new job opportunities in the country, direcdy as well as indirecdy in support services like transportation.
(iii) The government gains additional taxes by taxing the profits made from foreign investments.

The development of nationalism in Europe was not only the result of war and territorial expansion.
Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation in Europe. The following examples state the fact
(i) Art, poetry, stories and music helped express and shape nationalist feelings in-Europe.
(ii) Romanticism, a cultural movement in Europe developed a particular form of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists and poets criticised the glorification of science and reason. They tried to create a sense of a shared collective heritage as the basis of a nation. They gave importance on emotions, intuitions and mystical feelings.
(iii) German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people (das volk) in their folk song, folk poetry and folk dances.
(iv) Vernacular languages and folklores strengthen the national spirit.
(v) In Poland Karol Kurpinski cekbrated the national struggle through opera and music.
(vi) Allegory of Germania and Marianne developed national feelings among citizens.

The following are the reasons why Mahatma Gandhi in the year 1920 felt the need to launch a broad-based movement:

1. In the year 1919, the Imperial Legislative Assembly passed the Rowlatt Act that granted immense power to the British Government. For instance, the police could detain any political leader for two years without any trail. The main aim of the act was to prevent political activities of Indian Nationalists. People throughout India opposed the law.

2. The Martial law of 1919, that took place in Jallianwalla Bagh at Amritsar, killed hundreds of inno-cent people. As the news spread throughout the country. Gandhi Ji felt the need to launch a widespread movement in India against the new laws of the British government.

The cause of the ‘Silesian Weavers’ uprising was due to the cheating of the weavers by the contractors. In 1845, the weavers raised a revolt against the contractors as the contractors drastically reduced their payments.
The viewpoint of the journalist Wilhelm Wolff for this uprising was - a large crowd of weavers reached the house of the contractor and demanded higher wages. They were not treated well, so a group of the crowd entered the contractor’s house forcibly and destroyed the furniture, windowpanes and plundered it. The contractor fled with his family to a neighbouring village but did not get shelter.
After 24 hours, he returned back with army and eleven weavers were shot dead. This shows that the viewpoint of the journalist was based against the weavers and in favour of the contractor. He did not understand the misery of the weavers properly.

1.Secondary sector covers activities in which primary goods are used to produce some other commodity. Paper from wood, bread from wheat and Nails and steel bars made from iron.

2.Secondary sector mainly includes services such as manufacturing, construction, gas, water electricity supply, etc.

3.Secondary sector employs less than half of the working population.

4. It produces more than half of the total country's output.

5.Secondary sector is also called industrial sector.

The main features of political parties are as follows
(i) They reflect fundamental political division in a society.
(ii) Parties are a part of society and thus involve partisanship.
(iii) They seek to implement policies and programmes of their agenda by winning popular support through election.
(iv) They are formed to promote the collective good through policies and programmes.