1) Shikaripuri Shrotts and Nattukottai Chettiyars were groups of financiers and merchants.

2) They funded export agriculture in Southeast and Central Asia.

3) They followed a high-level system of transferring money throughout various locations.

4) These Shrotts and Chettiyars used either their own reserves or the money borrowed from European banks.

5) They also established business organisations in ethnic ways.

The following instances gave rise to civil war in Sri Lanka:

• After Sri Lanka gaining independence in 1948, the Sinhala community leaders, on the basis of majority, sought to secure dominance over the government.
• This resulted in establishment of Sinhala supremacy by adopting a series of majoritarian measures.
• In 1956, an Act passed Sinhala as the only recognised official language of the country.
• The government favoured the Sinhala applicants in education, jobs and in many fields.
• Also, the government stipulated that people should foster and protect Buddhism.
• The Tamils were denied equal political rights and their interests were ignored.
• As a result, the relations between the Sinhala and the Tamils communities got strained over time.

All these reasons made the Tamils feel discriminated and lead to distrust between the communities.

The following instances gave rise to civil war in Sri Lanka:

• After Sri Lanka gaining independence in 1948, the Sinhala community leaders, on the basis of majority, sought to secure dominance over the government.
• This resulted in establishment of Sinhala supremacy by adopting a series of majoritarian measures.
• In 1956, an Act passed Sinhala as the only recognised official language of the country.
• The government favoured the Sinhala applicants in education, jobs and in many fields.
• Also, the government stipulated that people should foster and protect Buddhism.
• The Tamils were denied equal political rights and their interests were ignored.
• As a result, the relations between the Sinhala and the Tamils communities got strained over time.

All these reasons made the Tamils feel discriminated and lead to distrust between the communities.

Liberal nationalism, also known as civic nationalism or civil nationalism. Liberalism derived from the Latin word liber which means free . For middleclass people liberalism stood for freedom for individual and equality before law . Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent.Since french revolution liberalism stood for end of clerical and aristocratic privilages ,a constitution and representative government through parliament . In economic sphere liberalism stood for freedom of markets and abolishment of state imposed restriction on movement of goods and capital.

Harsh working conditions were prevalent long before the Industrial Revolution took place. Pre-industrial society was very static and often cruel – child labour, dirty living conditions, and long working hours were equally as prevalent before the Industrial Revolution. The estates of the realm, or three estates, were the broad orders of social hierarchy used in Christendom (Christian Europe) from the medieval period to early modern Europe. Different systems for dividing society members into estates developed and evolved over time.

(i) Power sharing reduces the possibility of conflict between social groups and brings peace in the society.
(ii) Power sharing is the basic spirit of democracy.
(iii) Reservation of seats for women under power sharing leads to women empowerment.

Resource planning is a major concern in India because here resources are not distributed equally.

For example, many states have plenty of natural resources such as Arunachal Pradesh and Jharkhand, and they have mineral as well as water in their state, but they do not have other resources.

The Indian government structured the five years plans as resource planning, and they have also taken an initiative to promote their plans in the international level.

In both German and Italian unification there was one leading state. In Germany all states were unified under Prussia which had the strongest military power. In Italy Kingdom of Sardinia led by Count Cavour was the leading power and it became Kingdom of Italy in in 1861. During the 1930s both Italy and Germany had governments that were fascist dictatorships. Italy was run by Benito Mussolini, and Germany was governed by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. Both countries became democracies after World War II ended.

Indian nationalism developed as a concept during the Indian independence movement fought against the colonial British Raj. Indian nationalism is an instance of territorial nationalism, inclusive of all its people, despite their diverse ethnic, linguistic and religious backgrounds. Bal Gangadhar tilak (or Lokmanya tilak) is called the father of indian nationalism because he was the first indian to start the idea of nationalism in around 1890s. Because of his leadership he also found and became the first leader of the indian nationalist movement.

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores higher HDI when the lifespan is higher, the education level is higher, and the GDP per capita is higher. The HDI was developed by Indian Economist Amartya Sen and Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq,[1] often framed in terms of whether people are able to "be" and "do" desirable things in their life, and was published by the United Nations Development Programme.

The 2010 Human Development Reportintroduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that "the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality)," and "the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality)."

Frederic Sorrieu was a French artist who in 1848 prepared a series of four prints visualizing his dream of a world made up of ‘Democratic and Social Republics’. The distinct feature of these prints were the representations of men, nations and allegories. In the first of his print, we can see men and women marching across the statue of Liberty to offer homage. The statue holds a torch of enlightenment and the Charter of the Rights of Man. And finally, the remains of the absolutist institutions can be seen broken and shattered on the Earth indicating the end of conservatism and absolutism.

Per capita income or average income measures the average income earned per person in a given area (city, region, country, etc.) in a specified year. It is calculated by dividing the area's total income by its total population.