Unorganised sector is a sector which is generally not governed by the rules and regulations that are laid down by the Government regarding the condition of employment.
Jobs in the unorganised sector are very low paid. No paid leaves, provident fund, holidays and medical benefits are given to the employees. Job security is absent as in the case of no work, the employee may be asked to leave at any time. It is the employer who decides the rules and regulations of work

Revolutionaries believed in non-cooperation and espoused the process of boycott against foreign merchandises and dissemination of Swadeshi. They utilised arms/ammunitions as their weapons to fight the British, and created underground societies. The revolutionaries also killed British officials and ruined their offices. They started spreading propaganda and making the people aware of the unjust practices of the British. They also made a number of attempts to assassinate British officials. Some of them also spread the message of freedom abroad.

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Treaty of Vienna of 1815.

1) In 1895, Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria, the representatives of the European powers, had got together at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.

2) Then, the delegates drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the main objective of undoing most of the reformation that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic Wars, to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon, and to create a new Conservative order in Europe.

Changes brought about by the Treaty.
3) The Bourbon Dynasty was brought back to power as it was dethroned during the French Revolution.

4)  France had annexed many states under Napolean and lost them as a result of the Treaty. To make sure that French Expansion in the future doesn't take place, a series of stats were set up at the boundaries of France.

5) Prussia was given important and new territories on its western frontiers, Austria was given control of Northern Italy. Russia was given a part of Poland, Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.

 

The revolutions were essentially bourgeois revolutions and democratic and liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states. The revolutions spread across Europe after an initial revolution began in France in February. Politically, they demanded constitutionalism with national unification and parliamentary administration. Economically, they demanded abolition of serfdom and bonded labour and wanted economic equality for all. Socially, the wanted to remove class based distinctions and birth rights from the society.

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The loss of soil cover due to natural agents like wind and running water is called soil erosion.

Types of Soil Erosion :
(a) Water Erosion : Water is a powerful agent of soil erosion. Following are the major types of erosion caused by water.

(i) Sheet Erosion : When the top layer of the soil is removed over a large area by the running water, it is called as sheet erosion.

(ii) Rill Erosion : This is the second stage of sheet erosion. If erosion continues unchecked for a sufficient time, (rills) or small finger-shaped grooves which are a few centimetres in depth, may develop on the landscape. Over a period of time, the fine rills increase in number and also become deeper and wider, and resemble the twigs, branches and trunk of a tree. This is called as rill erosion.

(iii) Gully Erosion : This is the third stage of sheet erosion. With further erosion of the soil, the rills may deepen and become enlarged, and are ultimately turned into gullies. The main cause of gully erosion is the removal of vegetation, particularly of trees with their widespread binding roots. Gullies cut up agricultural land and the entire area may be turned into a bad land topography. Gully erosion is also responsible for the formation of ravines.

(b) Wind erosion : Wind is a powerful agent of erosion in arid and semi-arid lands with little rainfall. Wind can lift the valuable top soil from one area and deposits in another area. The wind erosion is very dangerous type of erosion because due to wind most of the deserts of the world are expanding.

Types of soil erosion: splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion, and gully erosion

NCERT

Political Fragmentation of Italy Italy had a long history of political fragmentation. Italy was divided into seven states during the middle of the nineteenth century.
Of these seven states only Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. At that time North of Italy was under Austrian Habsburg, the centre was ruled by Pope and the Southern regions were ruled by the Bourbon kings of Spain.
Role of Mazzini:
During 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had tried to unite Italy. He formed the secret society called young Italy.
But both the uprising in 1831 and 1848 failed. Even the ruling elites also wanted a unified Italy which would offer economic development and political dominance.
Role of Cavour:
The unification of Italy was a result of many wars. Chief Minister Cavour made a tactful diplomatic alliance with France, and Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.
Role of Garibaldi:
A large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the unification movement.
In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies succeeded to drive out the Spanish rulers with the help of local people. In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as king of United Italy.

First in Belgium there were 59% of the Dutch speakers and 40% were the French speakers and the remaining 1% for the Christian. Second in in the belgium's capital Brazil's the French speakers were 80% and the touch speakers were 20%. Thirdly the the French speakers were in minority in the Belgium and that touch speakers were in majority where as in Brazil's the French speakers were in majority and the speakers in minority. because of this unequal distribution of the people they there was conflict between these two communities. their government make that every community means that Dutch and French all are in equality means 50% will be the dutch and 50% will be the french. Vi by government governments this step it is stop the conflict between the Dutch speakers and the French speakers immediately.

police power is the capacity of the states to regulate behavior and enforce order within their territory for the betterment of the health, safety, morals, and general welfare of their inhabitants.

nationalism

The main aim of the revolutionaries of Europe during the years following 1815 was a commitment to oppose monarchical forms of governance that had been established and to fight for liberty and freedom.

The main aim of the French revolutionaries was to overthrow the monarchical rule and the 'Ancien regime' in France and the establishment of a republican government.

The France revolution that started in 1789 brought fundamental social, political and economic changes in the history of France. The changes caused by the revolution were both positive and negative impact in the history of France:

Positive impact:

 1. Destruction of social classes
2. The rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
3. Declaration of rights of man
4. Revolutionary ideas
5. Ended the rule of Bourbon Monarch.
6. Rise of political parties
7. Parliamentary Democracy
8. Constitution and rule of law
9. Land ownership

Negative impact
1. Loss of lives and property
2. Led to reign of terror
3. Economic decline in France
4 The church and the state
5. Relationship with other states

What were the effect of 1789 revolution in France

Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided, it is technologically accessible, economically feasible ans culturally acceptable can be termed as Resources.

Resources are the things provided by nature like air water etc.

resources an available means afforded by the mind or one's personal capabilities:

In 1834, a customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia. It was joined by most of the German States.
The aim of zollverein was to bind the Germans economically into a nation. The Union abolished the tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to only two.
It helped to awaken and raise national sentiment through a fusion of individual and provincial interests. The German people realised that a free economic system was the only means to engender national feeling.

Zollverein was a custom union,used as a tarrif barrier and bind the trade of german

The role of human resource development is very important in the area of developing a business, this helps to improve the quality of the workers that are involved in the business. It involves developing the learning, knowledge skills and ability of the worker.
It increases the inter-personal relationship between an organization and its employees. Any organization that develops comfortability among the employees will see an increase in their profit phase and development.

Different persons can have different developmental goals.

The status of people are different. One may be poor and one may be rich.

The life situations are also different.
Some may live in urban areas and some in rural areas.

So, they wish for some developments which are most important for them.

Girl from rich urban family wish for equality with her brother whereas bou from rich urban family wish for the admission in a good collage

The federal system thus has dual objectives: to safeguard and promote unity of the country, while at the same time accommodate regional diversity. Therefore, two aspects are crucial for the institutions and practice of federalism. 

Governments at different levels should agree to some rules of power sharing. They should also trust that each would abide by its part of the agreement. An ideal federal system has both aspects : mutual trust and agreement to live together.

It means a belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever way it wants, by disregarding the wishes and needs of the minority, e.g., Sri Lanka opted for majoritarianism in which majority Sinhalas rule the country.

Firstly, Sustainable development is a development which is done to achieve two objectives; one is to not to harm the environment and other one is to not to compromise with the needs of future generation. The special feature of it is to develop a country in a manner where the present needs and the future needs are to be settled at a same time.

There is a need for conservation of resources for sustainable development. Balancing the need to use resources and also conserve them for the future is called 'sustainable development'.
Sustainable development is the process of utilising natural resources for human development without completely depleting them but by sustaining the ability of nature to continue to provide its resources.
Main feature of sustainable development is that the development should not harm environment.

Dssgshd

Natural resources, especially those of soil, water, plant and animal diversity, vegetation cover, renewable energy sources, climate, and ecosystem services are fundamental for the structure and function of agricultural systems and for social and environmental sustainability, in support of life on earth.

During the first world war: 1 First of all, the war created a new economic and political situation. It led to huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans ans increasing tax. 2 Customs duties were raised and income tax introduced. Through the war years prices increased--- doubling between 1913 and 1918--- leading to extreme hardships for the common people. 3 Villages were called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger. 4 Then in 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute shortage of food. This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic. According to the census of 1921, 12-13 million people perished as a result of famines and the epidemic. 5 people hoped that their hardships would end after the war was over. But that did bot happen. At this stage a new leader appeared and suggested a new mode of struggle.

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It is essential to have resource planning because of the following reasons:

1. It helps to identify the various resources present in different regions of the country.
2. It helps in the conservation of various non-renewable/extinguishable resources.
3. It helps in reducing wastage of resources.
4. It helps in equal distribution of resources among the regions that have acute shortage of it.
5. It helps in keeping track of remaining resources.
6. It helps to take care of future generations.

Thus, resource planning is necessary for sustaining quality of life and global peace

Majoritarianism is a belief according to which the majority community of a nation should frame rules in whichever way it wants, even if it results in disregarding and ignoring the wishes and needs of the minority communities.

After Sri Lanka became independent of the colonial rule in 1948, it had two major communities, the Sinhalese (74 per cent) and the Tamilians (18 per cent). As the Sinhalese were in majority, they elected themselves to power, introduced a series of majoritarian policies to ascertain the supremacy of their community. They appointed Sinhalese people to preferential positions in government and also made Sinhala as the only official language of the nation. Various government measures gradually increased the feeling of alienation among the Tamilians of Sri Lanka. This led to dissent among the Tamilian community, which with time strained the relations between the Sinhala and Tamil communities. The distrust between both the communities finally culminated into a Civil war, with Tamilians demanding the formation of independent Tamil state in northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka. This led to thousands of people being killed in the civil war.

Thus, the assertive policies of the majority community threatened the unity and integrity of the country.

Resources can be classified on different bases; into following types:

• On the basis of origin: Biotic and Abiotic
• On the basis of exhaustibility: Renewable and Non-renewable
• On the basis of ownership: Individual, community, national and international
• On the basis of status of development: Potential, Developed, Stock and Reserves

There are two types of resources - 1. Natural & 2. Human resources

The Congress declared that if the government did not accept a constitution based on the dominion status within a year, it would adopt ‘Purana Swaraj’ as its goal.

In 1929, having a meeting with Ramsay Macdonald, the Prime Minister of England, Lord Irwin returned to India and declared that the object of the British Government was to grant India dominion status. But the Prime Minister under pressure of the conservative leaders, failed to keep his promise. When Gandhiji met Lord Irwin in December 1929, the latter refused to make any commitment regarding dominion status.

In utter despair Gandhiji said, ‘I have burnt my boat’. The country became prepared to fight for ‘Purana Swaraj’.

According to Amales Tripathi, the main cause of the Civil Disobedience movement was worldwide economic depression during the period 1929-1930. Young leaders of the Congress became impatient for a movement. The revolutionaries were not sitting idle. The organizations of the works and the peasants gathered strength under organizations of the workers and the peasants gathered strength under the leadership of the communists. All these events led Gandhiji to feel the necessity of launching Civil Disobedience movement.

Salt-Satyagraha:

The Civil disobedience movement started with Gandhiji’s historic ‘Dandi March’. Gandhiji walked 240 miles through villages of Gujarat. He reached Dandi on 6 April 1930. He inaugurated the Civil Disobedience movement by picking up a handful of salt. Gandhiji and other prominent leaders were arrested. Their arrest led to a mass demonstration. In Peshawar, Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan took an active role.