Nationalism refers to the feeling of oneness and common consciousness that emerges when people living in a common territory share the same historical, political and cultural backgrounds. People may be speaking different languages (as in case of India) but the love for their nation keeps them together.

The Ethnic Composition of the small country like Belgium is very complex because of various languages speaking people like: (i) Of the country's total population, 59 per cent lives in the Flemish region and speak Dutch language. (ii) Another 40 per cent live in the "Wallonia region" and speak French. The ethnic composition of Belgium is very complex because in that country Dutch speaking people are in majority ( 59 %), while French and German speaking are respectively 40% and 1%. The French live in the Wallonia region and the Dutch lives in flemish region.

Mahatma gandhi said these words
.he placed the greedy and selfish individuals and exploitative nature of modren tecnology as the root cause for resource depletion at the global level.
2) he was against mass production and wanted to replace it with the production by the masses.
3) the irrational consumption and over utilization of resource s may lead to socio-economic and environmental problems

Those words "There is enough for everybody's need and not for anybody's greed" were written by "Gandhi jii". Yeah i agree with the given statement because we know any person who is poor always dreams to have more food, money and even luxury etc; now the rich one always thinks of more and more money this rich one is not at all satisfied with his money.

The four reasons are :

1. Well the above situation of rich and poor is a good reason, that both need money, the rich person has more money from before yet he needs plenty money, the poor although has only some rupee in his torn pocket he can't even get a note of hundred because the rich one always have high position.

2. "We are living on the earth, we need ti be part of it but yet now a days we are trying to make earth a part of us", by this we can say that the people are not satisfied with what they have instead they want more.

3. There are some people who kill animals for the home's accessories. Here these people are not satisfied with what they have instead they are killing other animals for their own luxury and name sake.  

4. The man is destroying the whole nature and he is trying to be the one who can rule the whole world and all other organisms, Here the man is not at all satisfied with that he has instead he wants more.

By this i conclude that yeah man is too selfish that he wants more and more even though he has something with him. There these words given i.e. "there is enough for everybody's need and not for anybody's greed"

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known as the Amritsar massacre, took place on 13 April 1919, when Acting Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer ordered troops of the British Indian Army to fire their rifles into a crowd of unarmed Indian civilians in Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar, Punjab, killing at least 379 people. On April 10, 1919, a protest was held at the residence of the Deputy Commissioner of Amritsar. The demonstration was held to demand the release of two popular leaders of the Indian Independence Movement, Satya Paul and Saifuddin Kitchlew, who had been earlier arrested on account of their protests.

Local Self- Government is a form of government that has no share in sovereignty and is thus entirely subordinate to central authority or, in a federal system, to state or regional authority. as they are close to the citizen and involve them in the decision making process.  The significance of the local self government is that it bestows numerous benefits upon the inhabitants of the areas it operates in. It functions as a school of democracy wherein citizens are imparted political and popular education regarding issues of local and national importance.

The events of French Revolution which had influenced the people belonging to other parts of Europe: Students and other members of educated middle class began to set up Jacobin clubs. The French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad. Thus, created a sense of collective identity. It helped other country to abolish slavery and helped other countries to get out of monarchy. This is why the French revolution is a movement towards liberalism in Europe. Napoleon started conquering other close by countries in Europe in a series of wars known as the Napoleonic wars.

Usually, a federation has two levels of government. One is the government for the entire country that is usually responsible for a few subjects of common national interest. The others are governments at the level of provinces or states that look after much of the day-to-day administering of their state. Federalism is a system of government that establishes a constitutionally specified division of powers between different levels of government. There are usually two main levels: (a) a national, central or federal level; and (b) a state, provincial or regional level.

The meaning of the term Partisanship is that a firms adherence to a political party or group, cause or person. For the following reasons political parties involve partisanship: They represent and provide support to a particular view. They represent the policies which are supported by the people and their interest. A partisan is a committed member of a political party or army. In multi-party systems, the term is used for politicians who strongly support their party's policies and are reluctant to compromise with their political opponents.

India is the largest democratic country in the world. Many personalities had shared their ideologies to establish proper democracy in our country.

Khalil's dilemma is one of those ideologies. According to him the political upper level powers should not be given by judging anyone for their religion ,race, creed or gender. Full democracy should be given to everyone.

His ideology became very famous in our country's political ecosystem.

Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), also known as Napoleon I, was a French military leader and emperor who conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century. Born on the island of Corsica, Napoleon rapidly rose through the ranks of the military during the French Revolution (1789-1799). After seizing political power in France in a 1799 coup d’état, he crowned himself emperor in 1804. Shrewd, ambitious and a skilled military strategist, Napoleon successfully waged war against various coalitions of European nations and expanded his empire. However, after a disastrous French invasion of Russia in 1812, Napoleon abdicated the throne two years later and was exiled to the island of Elba. In 1815, he briefly returned to power in his Hundred Days campaign. After a crushing defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, he abdicated once again and was exiled to the remote island of Saint Helena, where he died at 51.

After the four amendments in the constitution the Belgium leaders worked (out a very different and innovative power sharing arrangement known as Belgium model.
The main features of Belgium model are:
(i) **Equal distribution of seats—**According to the new arrangement, Dutch and French speaking ministers have been given equal status in the central government. No single majority can make decision unilaterally.
(ii) **Concept of Federal Government—**Besides, state governments for the two regions have been given maximum powers and the state governments are not treated as the subordinate to the central government.
(iii) **Equal Representation in Brussels—**In the new arrangement, Brussels, the capital city of Belgium, equal representation given to both the French and Dutch speaking people.
(iv) Community Government. The Belgium model introduced a new concept of third kind of government, i.e., the ‘Community Government’. This government is elected by the people belonging to one language community.
(v) This arrangement ensures the promotion and protection of cultural and linguistic diversity.

Following were the conditions that were viewed as obstacles for economic growth and exchange by the new commercial classes during 19th century:-
1.There were many state imposed restrictions on the movement of goods, capital and people across different places.
2.There was no freedom of markets.
3.For example, in the German confederation of 39 states set up by Napolean, all the states had different system of weights and measures and different currencies. Since duties were charged on the basis of weight and measurement of the goods, the process of levying duties was very time consuming.

Unification of Germany:

• The  newly  emerged  middle  class  in  Germany  in  1848  tried  to  unite  several German  kingdoms which  were  suppressed  by  monarchies  and  large  landowners into one nation state governed by an elected body.
• Prussia, a German kingdom, took the leadership in uniting various German states. Otto  von  Bismarck,  the  Chief  Minister  of  Prussia, aimed  to  achieve  the  goal  of unification with the help of the Prussian army and the bureaucracy.
• Spread over seven years, the Prussian army with the help of the Austrian, French and Danish armies fought three wars and successfully incorporated all the small German kingdoms. This marked the process of completion of German unification.
• The  German  unification  was  completed  in  1871  and  in  the  same  year William I was  declared  as  the emperor of Germany at the Palace of Versailles.
• The process of the unification of Germany exhibited the power of the Prussian state. Many new reforms were initiated in banking, currency, administration and judiciary in Germany.

Italian unification, also known as the Risorgimento, refers to the Italian movement that united the Italian states in the 19th century. The movement began in 1815 with the Congress of Vienna. ... That allowed king Victor Emmanuel to become the first king of Italy. The unification of Italy is the result of dedication, contribution and effort of three great leaders Mazzini, Cavour and Garibaldi. During 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had tried to unite Italy. He formed the secret society called Young Italy. ... In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as king of United Italy.

Unification of Britain :

1. Britain was not a nation state prior to 18th century. The primary identities were based on ethnicity such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish.

2. The steady growth of power made the English nation extend its influence over the other nation and islands.

3. In 1688, England established a nation state. English parliament seized power from monarchy.

4. In 1707, the United Kingdom of Great Britain formed with the Act of the union between England and Scotland.

5. England dominated Scotland and Ireland in all spheres. Britain parliament was dominated by English members.

Mahatma Gandhi felt the need to launch a more broad-based movement in India. But he was certain that no such movement could be organized without bringing the Hindus and Muslims closer together. One way of doing this, he felt, was to take up the Khilafat issue.

The Peninsular Plateau is the largest physical division of India. It covers an area of around 16 lakh square kilometres. It is bounded by the Maikal range in the North, Aravallis in the North-West, Hazaribagh and Rajmahal Hills in the North-East, the Eastern Ghats in the East and the Western Ghats in the West. India is divided into six physiographic divisions on basis of the varied physiographic features: units as follows: Northern and North-eastern Mountain; Northern Plain; Peninsular Plateau; Indian Desert; Coastal Plains; and Islands.

Useing resources carefully and giving them time to get renewed is called resource conservation.

it is necessary to conserve resources because-
1) there irrational consumption and over utilisation have led to socio-economic and environmental problems.
2) it takes million of years for the formation of natural resources.
3) natural resources are available in fixed quanitity and they are non - renewable