ECONOMY :-

1. A system in which resources are allocated to the citizens for their maximum welfare. 
2. Money is the center point.
3. Social purpose is also included. 

ECONOMICS:-

1. It's the subject we learn to understand the economy. 
2. It helps us to study various principles related to money. 
3. It is a theoritical part. 

Red soils

1. Red soil is formed due to weathering of igneous and metamorphic rocks.

2. It is highly porous and less fertile but where it is deep it is fertile.

3. It is less crystalline.

4. It is red in colour due to the presence of iron in it.

They occur in parts of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and Jharkhand.

Laterite soil

1. It is formed by the leaching process in the heavy rainfall areas of tropical India.

2. It is less fertile, only grass grows on it in abundance.

3. It is crystalline.

4. It is red in colour due to little clay and much gravel of red sand-stones.

5. It is found in hills of the Deccan, Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa, Assam and Meghalaya.

National Resources are the resources which belong to the people of a nation :
The country has legal powers to acquire even private property for public good. For example, Urban development authorities. All the minerals, water, forests, wildlife, land within the political boundaries and oceanic area upto 12 nautical miles from the coast termed as territorial water belong to the nation.
International resources are the resources which are regulated by some international institutions. The oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the exclusive economic zone belong to the open oceans and no individual country can utilise these resources without the consent of international institutions e.g. India has the right to use the manganese nodules from the bed of the Indian ocean which lie beyond the exclusive economic zone.

The Greek War of Independence is also called the Greek Revolution. It took place between 1821 and 1832. It was fought against the Ottoman Empire. The Russian Empire, Great Britain, Kingdom of France and many other European powers helped them in their efforts. The Eyalets of Egypt, Algeria and Tripolitania, and the Beylik of Tunis were on the side of the Ottomans.

The war went on for 8 years, 6 months and 3 weeks. It took place in the Balkans and the Aegean Sea. Finally the Greek won. The First Hellenic Republic was established. The Treaty of Constantinople was signed.

International resources are the resources which are regulated by some international institutions.The International Resource Privilege is the power to transfer ownership or freely dispose of the natural resources of a country by the authority that countries give to the current leadership or government of that country.

After independence in 1948 the democratically elected Sri Lankan Government adopted a series of Majoritarian measures to establish Sinhala supremacy by passing an Act in 1956. The measures were like;
(i) Sinhala was recognised as the only official language in Sri Lanka. Tamil language was not given due importance.
(ii) The Sri Lankan Government formulated a policy in which only Sinhala applicants were preferred for job in university and other Government jobs.
(iii) The new constitution of Sri Lanka declared that the Buddhism would be promoted by the state.
(iv) Thus, all these government measures coming after one another, gradually increased the feeling of alienation.

• Italy was politically fragmented into various small states which were ruled by monarchies.
• During the mid-nineteenth century, only the state of Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by the Italian monarchy. The northern states were under the Austrian monarchy, Central Italy was under the control of the Pope and the states in the south were under the control of the Bourbon kings of Spain.
• Giuseppe Mazzini was a revolutionary who actively supported the unification of the Italian states. For achieving this aim, he formed a secret society called ‘Young Italy’.
• The state of Sardinia-Piedmont took the responsibility of fulfilling this task after the failed uprisings in 1831 and 1848. The king of Sardinia-Piedmont, Victor Emmanuel II, was actively helped by his Chief Minister Cavour. Cavour led the process of the unification of Italy.

• In 1859, the state of Sardinia-Piedmont defeated the Austrians. In 1860, the Italian forces helped by Giuseppe Garibaldi and his volunteers marched into southern Italy and unified it with Italy.
• King Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as the king of united Italy. The complete unification of Italy was achieved in 1871.

The flow of water through well-defined channels is known as ‘drainage’
The network of such channels is called a ‘drainage system’.
On the basis of discharge of water (orientations to the sea), it may be grouped into:
(i) the Arabian Sea drainage; and
(ii) the Bay of Bengal drainage.

• When we look at the differences, we can see that monarchy had one single ruler who had the power for him/herself whereas, in aristocracy, the power was shared among few selected people.

• Also, aristocracy does not enjoy the power as a monarch.

Any two factors that helped in growth of nationalism were:

• Influence of western education
• Development of rapid means of transport and communication.

Overnight, the freedom to pass between the two sections of Berlin ended. Running across cemeteries and along canals, zigzagging through the city streets, the Berlin Wall was a chilling symbol of the Iron Curtain that divided all of Europe between communism and democracy. Berlin was at the heart of the Cold War. A 1948 map detailing the Berlin Blockade, one of the first major international crises of the Cold War. During the multinational occupation of post-World War II Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the western allies' railway, road and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Allied control. When Khrushchev's December 1961 deadline passed without incident, the conflict over the future of the city receded with no further Soviet agitation concerning a treaty. A major outcome of the Berlin crisis was a new understanding between the United States and the Soviet Union.

There was a rise of nationalism in Europe in the 1830s and the following years.

• During this time as conservative regimes tried to consolidate their power, there was a rise of liberal and national forces and they came to be associated with revolutions.
• In July 1830 in France, the Bourbon kings were overthrown by liberal revolutionaries and constitutional monarchy was restored with with Louis Philippe at its head.
• An event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe was the Greek war of independence. Greece was a part of the Ottoman Empire. The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence amongst the Greeks which began in 1821. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation

Marianne was the female allegory of france
she was represented as the symbol of liberty .
she wears the cockade,red cap of liberty etc
her statues were established on market place to create a sense of liberty among yhe citizens

Germania was the female allegory of Germany
she wears the crown which contains the german oak leaves symbolise the heroism
her sword show readiness to fight
and the olive leaves surrounded show willingness to have peace

The Non-Cooperation Movement spread to the countryside. The following points state its spread
(i) In Awadh, peasants under the leadership of Baba Ram Chandra revolted against the talukdars and the landlords who demanded very high rent and different taxes from them. The peasant demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar and social boycott of oppressive landlords. In many places, local leaders told peasants that Gandhiji had declared that no taxes were to be paid and land was to be redistributed among the poor.
(ii) In the Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh, a Militant Guerrilla Movement spread. The colonial government had closed large forest areas which affected the livelihood of the forest people. When the government forced them to contribute begar or free labour, they revolted. Alluri Sitaram Raju inspired by Gandhiji’s ideals came to lead them and the Gudem rebels attacked police stations and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving Swaraj.