Liberal nationalism, also known as civic nationalism or civil nationalism. Liberalism derived from the Latin word liber which means free . For middleclass people liberalism stood for freedom for individual and equality before law . Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent.Since french revolution liberalism stood for end of clerical and aristocratic privilages ,a constitution and representative government through parliament . In economic sphere liberalism stood for freedom of markets and abolishment of state imposed restriction on movement of goods and capital.

Eastern and Central Europe were under autocratic monarchies. Within these territories, diverse people lived.
They did not see themselves as sharing a collective identity or a common culture.
Often, they even spoke different languages and belonged to different ethnic groups.
Many Europeans apply the assimilation method wherein any migrant who enters the English soil is taught the English way. Many refugees in Europe were taken care by the voluntary organisation. Monarchic governments are in a way despotic which does not allow the citizens a considerable amount of freedom in practicing their culture.
The only tie that bounded these diverse groups is their allegiance to the monarchs in aristocratic system

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Civil code or the Napoleonic code of 1804 was introduced by Napoleon Bonaparte in many parts of Europe to maintain its control.Under this code,
1)The feudal system was abolished.
2)Equality before the law was established.
3)The right to property was given.
4) Serfdoms and manorial dues was abolished.
5) Abolished all privileges based on birth.

1)The idea of la Patrie and le citoyen were emphasized

2)adoption of a new constitution with citizens enjoying equal rights

3)adopted a new tricolor flag

4)new hymns were composed and oaths were taken

5)formulation of the centralized administrative system

6)adoption of a uniform system of  weights and measurements

7)estates general was renamed as National Assembly

8)Abolition of internal custom duties

1) Nature is defined by the rainfall, climate, topographic features of the place and does not depend on man-made or developed resources.

2) Technology is developed with the nature and natural resources of the place, technology is developed for man's facilitation.

3) Institutions developed technologies based on resources. These technologies are used to utilize better resources that expand the institutions, and in return, those institutions develop better technologies for better utilization of resources.
 

The following are the five main ways in which agricultural and industrial sector complements each other.

1. Raw material- Agriculture provides basic raw material to the industrial sector for example, cotton to a cloth industry, sugarcane to a sugar industry, etc. Industrial sector, in turn, provides the basic inputs to the agricultural sector. The industrial goods such as tractor, harvesting machines, fertilisers are a few basic inputs that are used by the agriculture sector.

2. Market- Agriculture sector provides market to the industrial sector. This implies that the people engaged in the agriculture sector consumes the products produced by the industries. To name a few products, these are soaps, fridges, televisions and a lots more.

3. Labour- Agriculture sector provides labour to the industrial sector. This can be put in different words as, the industrial sector provides employment to the excess labour (disguised unemployeds engaged) in the agriculture sector.

4. Wage goods- The most important support that agriculture provides to the industrial sector is the wage goods (or simply food grains). In simple words, agriculture sector feeds the industrial labourers, which keeps them healthy, thereby, more productive.

5. Mutual Dependence- Both the agriculture sector and the industrial sector are mutually dependent on each other. In case of good harvest, the farmers have high incomes, which they use to demand more industrial goods. For example, during good harvest, many farmers buy new televisions, mobiles, clothes, etc. Similarly, when the people engaged in the industrial sector experience good income, then they demand higher quantities of food grains, eat more fish, meat and drink milk.

The communities have conserved and protected forests and wildlife in India in the following ways:

(a) In Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthani villagers have fought against mining by citing the Wildlife Protection Act. In many areas villagers themselves are protecting habitats and explicitly rejecting government involvement. 

(b) Many states have launched the Joint Forest Management Programme to involve local communities in the management and restoration of degraded forests. Odisha was the first state to launch this programme. 

(c) The inhabitants of five villages in the Alwar district of Rajasthan have declared about 1200 hectares of forest area as the 'Bhairodev Dakav Sonchuri'. 

Power-sharing is a political arrangement in which different or opposing groups all take part in government together. In modern democracies, power sharing can take the following forms: In federal form of government, power is shared between the central and state governments. Power sharing is the need in democracy because of the following: It helps in reducing the possibility of conflict between the social groups. Since social conflict often leads to violence and political instability, power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order.

Non cooperation movement was a mass movement which was launched by Gandhi in 1920. It was a peaceful and a non-violent protest against the British government in India. 
Programmes of the Non Cooperation movement were:

• Indians were asked to relinquish their titles and resign from nominated seats in the local bodies as a mark of protest.
• People had to resign from their government jobs.
• People were asked to withdraw their children from government-controlled or aided schools and colleges.
• People had to boycott foreign goods and use only Indian-made goods.

The main aim of the Non Cooperation movement was the demand of 'Swaraj' or the self government.

The loss of soil cover due to natural agents like wind and running water is called soil erosion.

Types of Soil Erosion :
(a) Water Erosion : Water is a powerful agent of soil erosion. Following are the major types of erosion caused by water.

(i) Sheet Erosion : When the top layer of the soil is removed over a large area by the running water, it is called as sheet erosion.

(ii) Rill Erosion : This is the second stage of sheet erosion. If erosion continues unchecked for a sufficient time, (rills) or small finger-shaped grooves which are a few centimetres in depth, may develop on the landscape. Over a period of time, the fine rills increase in number and also become deeper and wider, and resemble the twigs, branches and trunk of a tree. This is called as rill erosion.

(iii) Gully Erosion : This is the third stage of sheet erosion. With further erosion of the soil, the rills may deepen and become enlarged, and are ultimately turned into gullies. The main cause of gully erosion is the removal of vegetation, particularly of trees with their widespread binding roots. Gullies cut up agricultural land and the entire area may be turned into a bad land topography. Gully erosion is also responsible for the formation of ravines.

 (b) Wind erosion : Wind is a powerful agent of erosion in arid and semi-arid lands with little rainfall. Wind can lift the valuable top soil from one area and deposits in another area. The wind erosion is very dangerous type of erosion because due to wind most of the deserts of the world are expanding.

(especially of a man) bring (a child) into existence by the process of reproduction.

Standard time is the synchronization of clocks within a geographical area to a single standard time, rather than using solar time or a locally chosen meridian (longitude) to establish a local mean time standard.

A country may have many longitudes running across it and there is a time gap of 4 minutes between each longitude. For example, the time gap between the western point of Gujarat and the easternmost point of Arunachal Pradesh has a time gap of 2 hours. So, there is a lot of confusion in the whole country. Therefore, a standard meridian should be established in each country as it is the central longitude of the whole country so that there is an equal time in all the country.

In a federal form of government, the central government shares its powers with the various constituent units of the country. For example, in India, power is divided between the government at the Centre and the various State governments. In a unitary form of government, all the power is exercised by only one government.

Difference: 

(i) Unitary government has only one level of government whereas a federal government has two or more levels of government. 

(ii) In unitary government, the sub-units are subordinate to the centre, whereas in a federation, central government cannot encroach on the rights of state governments. 

(iii) In unitary system, centre can order the sub-units which cannot happen in federation. 

A federation is preferred because: 

(i) It helps in making administration effective and efficient. 

(ii) It helps to accommodate all diverse groups.

The French artist, Fredrick Sorrieu prepared a series of four prints visualising his dream of the world made up of 'democratic and social republics'. They have been used to symbolise the fraternity among the nations of the world. In Sorrieu's utopian vision, the peoples of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through their flags, and national costumes. Sorrieu created the image to unify the disintegrated states into a nation state under a democratic constitution.

Zaid Crop: These are crops which are sown between the rabi and kharif crops. Watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber and vegetables are some examples of the zaid crops.