In 1862, Otto von Bismarck was appointed as Prussia's Prime Minister under King Wilhelm I and he devoted himself to the task of uniting the German states under Prussian leadership. He was known as the man of 'blood and iron' or 'Iron Chancellor' as he used methods of force. The policy of'blood and iron' meant a policy of war. The first aim he pursued was the elimination of Austria from the Germanic confederation.

Various factors such as common race, language, religion, aims and aspirations, culture and Shared past gave rise to nationalism.
The following factors were responsible for the rise of nationalism in Europe :
(i) Decline of Feudalism. There was a steady decline of federal lords and many of them died in mutual warfare. The crusades also improverished the barons. Federal lords were the major obstacle in the emergence of nationalism, and without their destruction the cause of nationalism might have greatly suffered.
(ii) Weakening Authority of the Pope. The Church enjoyed supreme and exalted position and commanded a great power in the middle Ages, but the Reformation movement as well as the Renvai-ssance led to awakening among the people and weakened the authority of the Pope. As a result, national churches and national states were established in many countries.
(iii) Wars. Wars roused nationalism among the people of both France and England. The Hundred Years’ War between in the two countries gave rise to national feeling both in France and England.
(iv) Foreign Rule. The foreign rulers suppressed the people and treated them cruelly and mercilessly. This led and united the people against the foreign rule and infused the spirit of nationalism in them.

Individual: Resources owned by individuals are called Individual Resources. For example – land owned by farmers, house, etc.
Community: Resources owned by community or society are called Community Owned Resources. For example – Graveyard, grazing land, ponds, burial grounds, park, etc.

Demands of the Tamils :
(a) Recognition of Tamil as an official language.
(b) Equal opportunities for Tamils in government jobs and educational institutions.
(c) Provincial autonomy for Tamil dominated provinces.

Land degradation means decrese in the quality of the land .,,such that its nutrients and fertility is lost and is in incapable of growing crops ..the causes of Land degradation are ..
1) Soil pollution
2) Soil Erosion
3) Over grazing
4) Extraction of minerals at a repeated stage..
5) Drought ..

Over irrigation is main cause of land degradation in Punjab due to waterlogging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil. Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh are the states facing issue of land degradation.

"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."  To make development sustainable, non renewable sources of energy are to be saved for future use, and care should be taken that the natural resources are not overexploited. Sustainability of development means economic development without any damage to the environment, and keeping in mind the needs of the future.

The distribution of working population according to the occupations they are engaged in is referred to as the Occupational structure.

Occupational Structure In India
The terms occupational structure and occupational distribution indicate the degree of the development and diversification achieved in any economy. Occupational structure refers to the distribution of working population among the different sectors in the economy. Primary sector includes occupations like agriculture, mining, fishing, animal husbandry and forestry. Secondary sector includes manufacturing, construction, electricity. Tertiary sector includes trade, transportation, communications, banking, insurance, government and nongovernment jobs, and other activities related to services sector.

In Victorian Britain Handmade products were preferred because of the following reasons:

1.These handmade products came to symbolise refinement and class.

2. These handmade products were beautifully & carefully designed and produced individually & these products are better finished.

3. The upper classes in Victorian Britain are the aristocrats and Bourgeoisie they preferred the expensive handmade products for the Exclusiveness,which were unique and not shared by all.

Pressure groups are the organisations that attempt to influence government policies. These organisations are formed when people with common occupation, interest, aspirations and opinions come together in order to achieve a common objective.

•  Absolutism is an ideology that takes one precept or one concept or one text and freezes it into what we then call a fact.
•  From that frozen point of reference, we then mistakenly draw a multitude of erroneous conclusions.
•  In essence, truth is a relative concept which is constantly and continually unfolding, so it is never absolute; it is much more dynamic in function.

Disadvantages of Green revolution:

•  The usage of a high quantity of pesticides and insecticides incorporated toxicity in the plants. In order to protect crops from different types of disease caused by pest as well as the damages caused by insects, the farmers used pesticides and insecticides at a high amount.
•  The production of different varieties of one single crop was affected. It is because the green revolution programme concentrated mainly on crop with varieties which were very naturally high yielding and did not consider low yielding crop varieties.
•  As the water and soil from framing land are ruined either due to rain or flood, all the toxic content of pesticides and other chemicals present in the soil gets mixed with the nearby water source and it leads to the death of aquatic organisms mostly fish. " 

Demand deposits are considered as money, because they can be withdrawn when required and the money withdrawn can be used for making payments. So, they are also considered as money in the modern economy.

Potential: Resouces found in the Environment but their use has not been started
E.g.: wind and solar energy in Rajasthan and Gujarat

Developed: Resources which have been surveyed and their quality and quantity has been determined for their usage
E.g.: gold

Stock: Resources which are found the environment, which can satisfy human needs but humans don’t have the technology to use them for this purpose
E.g.: water has hydrogen and oxygen. Which can be used as a source of energy

Reserve: Subset of stock which can put to use using existing technical know how. But their use has not started. They can satisfy future needs