Sri Lanka became independent in the year 1948. They got their independence because of their majority. A community named Sinhala, the leader of that community fought to secure their dominance under government. After this fight the community Sinhala established their supremacy by an election.

The idea of power sharing has emerged in opposition to the notions of undivided political power. For a long time, it was believed that all powers of a government must reside in one person or group of persons located at one place. It was felt that if the power to decide is dispersed, it would not be possible to take quick decisions and to enforce them. But these notions have changed with the emergence of democracy.

Power sharing is desirable in democracy because :

(1) Prudential reasons :

 (a) It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. Since social conflict often leads to violence and political instability.

(b) It is a good way to ensure the stability of political order.

(c) Imposing the will of majority, community over others may look like an attractive option in the short run, but in the long run it undermines the unity of the nation.

 (ii) Moral reasons :

 (a) Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy. A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise and who have to live with its effect.

(b) People have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed.

(c) A legitimate government is one where citizens through participation, acquire a stake in the system.

Power sharing means the distribution of power among the organs of the government such as the legislature, executive, and judiciary. Power sharing helps in achieving the stability of political order. In power-sharing, power might even be shared at distinct levels such as union, state and local.

Major forms of power sharing in modern democracy are:

• Power sharing among different Organs of the Government: In democracy, power is shared among Legislature, Executive and Juduciary.This is known as distribution of power. No organ of the governemnt can e P xcercise unlimited power as each ower sharing among different Organs of the Government organ checks the others.
• Governments at different levels: In federal form of government, power is shared between the central and state governments. In India there is another lower level of government -local self government.This is called vertical division of government.
• Social Groups: Power may also be shared among different social groups such as religious and linguistic groups. In India, there are constitutional and legal arrangements whereby socially weaker sections and women are represented in the legislatures and administration.
• Division of power between political parties, pressure groups and movements: Political parties are the organisations which aim to control power by contesting elections. In a democracy, citizens have the freedom to choose among the various contenders for power. When no party gets a majority, two or more parties come together to form a governemnt. In a democracy, pressure and interest groups also have an indirect share in the governemnt's power.

SRI LANKA
There were two major groups SINHALAS AND TAMILS. The Sinhalas make up 74% of its total population, the TAMILS were 18% and the rest were the community of Christians. IN TAMILS there were to sub categories , Indian TAMILS whose forefathers came here as plantation workers and the Sri Lankan TAMILS.
BELGIUM
Its ethnic composition was very complex. They were The French, The Dutch and The Germans. The French had a majority in the capital (80%) and the minority in the country(40%). The Dutch had a majority in the country (59%) while a minority in the capital (20%) city of Brussels. The Germans were only 1% in the whole country.

For the following reasons power-sharing is good for democracy:

•     Power-sharing help to reduce the possibility of conflict between various social groups.
•     Power-sharing is one of the most significant tools in ensuring political stability of a country.
•     Power-sharing gives the right to be consulted to the people. All citizens tend to share equal political and legal rights.

Power-sharing in democracy describes a system of governance in which different segments of society are provided a share of power. Power-sharing is good for democracy. Power-sharing helps to reduce the possibility of conflicts between social groups. Power-sharing makes people dependent and responsible.

Horizontal  Powers Sharing
(i) Horizontal Division of powers is such a power sharing arrangement in which power is shared , among different organs of government as, legislature, executive and judiciary.
(ii) In horizontal division of powers, different organs of government exercise different powers, i.e., there is a concept of separation of powers.
(iii) Horizontal distribution specifies the concept of checks and balances in order to check the exercises of unlimited powers of the organs.
(iv) Horizontal distribution of power ensures the concept of the expansion of democracy.

We live on land, we perform our economic activities on land and we use it in different ways:

• Land is a natural resource and of utmost importance.
• It supports natural vegetation, wildlife, human life, economic activities, and transport and communication systems.
• It is an asset of a finite magnitude. It is important to use the available land for different purposes with careful planning.

Opera is a form of theatre in which music has a leading role and the parts are taken by singers, but is distinct from musical theatre.The performance is typically given in an opera house, accompanied by an orchestra or smaller musical ensemble, which since the early 19th century has been led by a conductor.

There are various sources of credit which are available in Sonpur. These are as follows: 

(i) Agricultural traders 

(ii) Cooperative societies 

(iii) Moneylenders 

(iv) Commercial banks 

(v) Relative and friends, etc.

Mineral is defined as a “homogenous, naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure.” Minerals are found in varied forms in nature, ranging from the hardest diamond to the softest talc. Rocks are combinations of homogeneous substances called minerals.

Satyagraha was a non violent method of fighting against colonialism. It was effectively employed by Mahatma Gandhi to resist British rule in India. He adopted this method in his struggle against the racist regime in South Africa before coming to India. It laid stress on the power of truth and the need to search for truth. Satyagraha was a powerful weapon against injustice and exploitation of colonised peoples. Without being aggressive a Satyagrahi could appeal to the morality of the unjust oppressor.

The Champaran Movement in Bihar (1916), the Kheda Movement in Gujarat (1917) and the movement of the Ahmedabad mill workers (1918) were important Satyagraha movements organised by Mahatma Gandhi to demand due rights of the workers and peasants.

Before the Constitutional reforms of 1993, the regional governments in Belgium were dependent for their existence and political power on the Central Government of the country. However, the 1993 changes in the Constitution gave regional governments Constitutional powers that were not dependent on the central government. Thus, Belgium effectively shifted from a unitary form to a federal form of government in the year 1993.

The caricaturist is depicting the club of liberal nationalists which dates back 1820.Conservative regimes were set up in 1815. These regimes were autocratic they were not ready to tolerate criticism and dissent. They curbed all the actions which put a question mark on the legitimacy of autocratic governments. Most of the regimes had imposed censorship law to have control over freedom of the press and over songs motivating the ideas of liberty.

Coming Together Federation where the states come together to form a larger unit with willingness where in Holding Together Federation the government of a larger area divide its powers with the states.

In holding together federation, the central power will always maintain its supremacy over the constituent units that results in a lack of sovereignty sometimes. In Coming Together Federation, the central and the state always experience equal set of powers.  

Example for the coming together federation: USA and Switzerland

Example for the holding together federation: India, Belgium and Spain.

French and Napoleonic Wars – Impact on Britain - During the years leading up to the Napoleonic War, Britain and most of Europe waged war against France. From 1792 to 1814, the French and other European powers were involved in nearly continuous warfare with the exception of a year because of the Treaty of Amiens, 1802.