Jharkhand state is rich in metal resources. However, it is economically underdeveloped because  

(a) It was basically populated by tribals who were illiterate.  

(b) Due to the rugged region, there is very little farming land.  

(c) Lack of technical advancement in earlier times in comparison to other parts of India.

The Mumbai district of Maharashtra state is poor in natural resources but it is notably economically advanced due to the following reasons;  

(a) It is the financial hub of India with the greatest amount of local, national and international trade activities taking place in India.  

(b) It has a huge number of industries installed from a number of years.  

(c) It has a very effective transportation arrangement for people and materials.  

Average is used for comparing the countries in terms of rich and poor countries.

ii. Average is used for comparing the income of two countries (per capita income)

iii. Average is used for comparing the development like availablility of health, education facilities per 1000 people.

A Nation State refers to a country with well defined delineated boundaries, resided by people with a similar culture, shared history and ethnic character. It is also supposed to have a government of its choice. The people in a Nation State are supposed to have unity, strength and cooperation.

Lead to civil war in sri lanka

Srilankan government adopted majoritarian measure to establish Sinhala Supremacy.in 1956, an Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official language thus diregarding Tamil.
A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism.
Srilankan Tamils felt that none of the major political parties by the Buddhist sinhala leaders were sensitive to their language and culture.
The relations between the Sinhala Nd Tamil communities strained overtime and soon it turned into a civil war.

In Punjab and Haryana, the net sown area is more than 80% of the total land in the state. On the other hand, it is less than 10% in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. 3.38% of the total land is used for grazing, while the remaining lands are fallow and waste lands. In some of these states, the proportion of net sown is low because they are covered by dense tropical forests. The fertility of the soil is not suitable for cultivation. They receive heavy rainfall which is adverse for the cultivation. Added to this, these areas are backward and the farmers are very poor and hence they lack technology method of farming. Therefore, the net sown area differs from state to state.

Culture played an important role in creating the idea of 'nation in Europe:

1. Romanticism was a cultural movement that believed in emotions, intuitions and mystical feelings over reason and science. They tried to evoke the feelings of a common past and shared heritage.

2. Romantics like Johann Gottfried Herder believed that German culture was alive among the common people- das Volk. The idea of nation was popularised through the folk culture of songs, poetry, and dance.

3. Local culture was sought also to reach the large population of illiterate people. In Poland, Karol Kurpinski turned the folk dances and music into nationalist symbols.

4. The language was also essential as a nationalist identity. When Polish was forcefully removed from schools and Russian was imposed everywhere after Russian occupation, the people saw the use of Polish language as a sign of national resistance.

Unemployment is a major problem in India and it is prevalent in both rural and urban areas. Underemployment is also visible as disguised unemployment in agricultural sector in rural areas and as unorganised service sector in urban areas. These issues need to be addressed properly. .
The steps that should he taken to increase employment can he
(i) Education and health sector can create massive employment in urban as well as rural areas. Proper planning needs to strengthen these sectors.
Vocational training also creates massive employment.
(ii) Allied activities like horticulture, pisciculture should be promoted through financial assistance, awareness programmes which will create employment in rural areas.
(iii) Promotion of small scale industries and self-help groups will create employment in urban areas.
(iv) Tertiary activities like inclusive banking, promotion of market etc can penetrate service sector to rural areas and induce mobilisation and growth in Primary sector and ultimately create employment.
(v) Cheap credit for creation of new enterprises and encouraging foreign investment can also create employment in both rural and urban areas.
(vi) Social safety programmes like NREGA, NRLM (National Rural Livelihood Mission) etc generate massive employment in rural and urban areas respectively.

The process of unification of Germany:  

1. The middle-class Germans had tried to fight for a united nation governed by an elected parliament in 1848 but were repressed by the monarchy and military.  

2. Otto von Bismarck, chief minister of Prussian led the movement for unification of Germany. He was supported by the bureaucracy and the Prussian army.  

3. After three wars with Austria, Denmark, and France, Prussia won and unified Germany. The Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed the German emperor in January 1871.

Napoleon introduced the following changes to make the administrative system more efficient in the areas ruled by him

(i) He established Civil Code of 1804, also known as the Napoleonic Code. This did away with all privileges based on birth. It established equality before law and secured the right to property.

(ii) He simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system, and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.

(iii) In towns, guild systems were removed. Transport and communication systems were improved.

Due to the above measures, peasants, artisans, businessmen and workers enjoyed a new found freedom. Businessmen and small-scale producers realized that uniform laws, a common currency and standardized weights and measures would facilitate movement and exchange of goods between regions.

The crises that occurs due to indiscriminate exploitation of resource are ,

GLOBAL WARMING,

LAND DEGRADATION,

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION etc

No, the measure taken by the Mayor of Merchtem is not in keeping with the spirit of Belgium’s power sharing arrangement. As 59% of the population in the Flemish region speaks Dutch language, the ban on speaking French in the town’s schools would prevent French and Dutch speakers to mingle with each other, and also create feelings of distrust and suspicion.

The ban ignores the regional differences and cultural diversities. It is the spirit of accommodating every linguistic group, and creating the environment for everyone to live. In fact, it makes the ground for a civic right and a possible division of the community on linguistic lines.

Characteristics of Development: 

(i) What may be development for one may not be development for the others. 

(ii) For development, people look at mix goals. 

(iii) Income is the most important component of development, but along with income, people also seek equal treatment, good health, peace and security, etc.

1. According to Gandhiji the idea of Satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth.

2. To him ( Gandhiji ) it is a novel method of mass agitation, which he called Satyagraha.

3. His thought that without being aggressive, a Satyagrahi could win the battle through non - violence.

4. This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.

5. Mahatma Gandhi believed that this dharma of non - violence stages of the Non Cooperation.

SRI LANKA
There were two major groups SINHALAS AND TAMILS. The Sinhalas make up 74% of its total population, the TAMILS were 18% and the rest were the community of Christians. IN TAMILS there were to sub categories , Indian TAMILS whose forefathers came here as plantation workers and the Sri Lankan TAMILS.
BELGIUM
Its ethnic composition was very complex. They were The French, The Dutch and The Germans. The French had a majority in the capital (80%) and the minority in the country(40%). The Dutch had a majority in the country (59%) while a minority in the capital (20%) city of Brussels. The Germans were only 1% in the whole country.

Power sharing is desirable in democracy because :

(1) Prudential reasons :

 (a) It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. Since social conflict often leads to violence and political instability.

(b) It is a good way to ensure the stability of political order.

(c) Imposing the will of majority, community over others may look like an attractive option in the short run, but in the long run it undermines the unity of the nation.

 (ii) Moral reasons :

 (a) Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy. A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise and who have to live with its effect.

(b) People have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed.

(c) A legitimate government is one where citizens through participation, acquire a stake in the system.

Venezuela is a country made rich by oil, and has seen that wealth evaporate.
The discovery of oil in Venezuela in the early 1900s cursed the country with a volatile source of income.
Oil replaced coffee as the nation’s largest export, and by 1928, the country had become the globe’s largest exporter.
Today, Venezuela has triple-digit inflation and a growing poverty rate.
Venezuela’s oil is also considered ‘heavy’, and too dense for much of the world’s refineries and pipelines.

Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. This type of distribution can be called the horizontal distribution of power. This type of power sharing allows different organs of government placed at the same level to exercise different powers.

Development goals have multiple results in the society , which varies for different people from different sectors in our society.

For example:

If a construction company demolishes a forest land for establishing new apartments,then the apartment members will only get the benefits and the people who are dependent on that forest land,will not get any kind of benefits.

That's why a development process doesn't occurs only positive result.

The constitution makers wanted to be so precise about the distribution of powers between the governments, that after providing for the three lists, they provided for residuary subjects. Matters which are not included in any of the three lists are known as residuary subjects and the right to make laws on these subjects is called residuary power. The central government (the Parliament) has been given rights to legislate on these subjects.Example of residuary subjects are software, hardware, etc.

It contains three lists:

• Union List: It includes subjects of national importance such as defence of the country, foreign affairs, banking, communications and currency. They are included in this list because we need a uniform policy on these matters throughout the country.
• State List: The list contains subjects of state and local importance such as police, trade, commerce, agriculture and irrigation. The state governments alone can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the state list.
• Concurrent List: Includes subjects of common interest to both, the Union government as well as the State government such as education, forests, trade unions, marriage, adoption and succession. Both the Union as well as State governments can make laws on the subjects mentioned in this list. If their laws conflict with each other, the law made by the Union government prevails.

Sustainable development means that a development should meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
The issue of sustainable development has emerged from rapid industrialisation of the world in the past century. It is felt that the economic growth and industrialisation have led to reckless exploitation of natural resources. Sustainability promotes a rational use of natural resources.
The earth has enough non-renewable resources to meet our present and future needs for development if we use them in an economic manner. But, if we use them recklessly in the greed of rapid economic development, our world may become a vast waste land.

Life Expectancy

• It is the age which a particular person belonging to a particular age is expected to live.
• Life Expectancy at birth in IndiaMales: 67.34 years

  Females: 69.64 years

Infant Mortality Rate

• It is the total number of infants dying below the age of 1 year out of 1000 babies.
• Infant Mortality Rate in India is 40.5 infants.

Literacy Ratio

• It refers to the number of people of both sexes i.e. male and female aging more than 15 years having the ability to read and write.

Sri Lanka has a diverse population. The Sinhalese community forms the majority of the population (74%) with Tamils (18%) who are mostly concentrated in the north and east of the island, forming the largest ethnic minority. Other communities include the Muslims. Among Tamils, there are two sub-groups. The Tamil natives of the country are called ‘Sri Lankan Tamils’ (13 %). The Tamils, who were brought as indentured labourers from India by British colonists to work on estate plantations are called the ‘Indian Origin Tamils’ (5%). Most of the Sinhala-speaking people are Buddhists, while most of the Tamils are Hindus or Muslims. There are about 7 per cent Christians, who are both Tamil and Sinhalese.