To produce a moral effect means to produce a good ,ethical and value based effect. this statement shows the means to create a sense of what is good and what is wrong!. Moral effect is a state where one is capable of making the distinction between right and wrong in conduct.

States in Independent India have been formed on the following basis:
a. After Independence , boundaries of older states were changed in order to make new states on the basis of language .
b. Linguistic reorganization was a result of the VishalAndhra Movement that demanded separate Telugu speaking state to be carved out from Madras Province. Because of massive protests , our national leadership acted in the larger interests of the country.
c. After the creation of Andhra, other linguistic communities also demanded their own separate states.
d. A States Reorganization Commission was set up, which submitted its report in 1956, recommending the redrawing of district

Sustainable development can be defined as an approach to the economic development of a country without compromising the quality of the environment for future generations. In the name of economic development, the price of environmental damage is paid in the form of land degradation, soil erosion, air & water pollution, deforestation, etc. This damage may surpass the advantages of having more quality output of goods and service.

Economic development is the growth of the standard of living of a nations people from a low-income (poor) economy to a high-income (rich) economy. When the local quality of life is improved, there is more economic development. When social scientists study economic development, they look at a lot of things.

Romanticism was a cultural movement which aimed at developing a certain kind of national sentiment. Poet and artists advocated this movement by sharing their cultural heritage for the nation and criticised science. They were moved by emotions, mystic feelings and an intuition. Romanticism is a movement in all of Europe, took the previous conventions and dismissed them, placing importance on emotion. However, in Germany, Romanticism had a nationalistic message as well.

• The leaders: A political party consists of leaders who contest elections and if they win, perform the administrative job.
• The active members: They are the ones who climb a ladder from being the follower and become the assistants of the leaders to gain knowledge about the politics.
• The followers: They are simply the ardent followers of the leaders and work under the able guidance of the active members.

We need formal sources of credit in order to reduce the dependence of farmers on informal sources of credit like money lenders.
To reduce the higher risk associated with informal sources of credit because of fluctuating terms and conditions. 
To avail cheaper credit to farmers in rural areas.

Economic development is the progress in an economy or the qualitative measure of it but when the concern is sustainable development, the main regard is to save something for the future generations to consume. so this is about meeting the present needs without compromising any future needs.

A Nation State refers to a country with well defined delineated boundaries, resided by people with a similar culture, shared history and ethnic character. It is also supposed to have a government of its choice. The people in a Nation State are supposed to have unity, strength and cooperation. During the nineteenth century, nationalism emerged as a force which brought about sweeping changes in the political and mental world of Europe. The end result of these changes was the emergence of the nation-state in place of the multi-national dynastic empires of Europe.

A cheque is a paper instructing the bank to pay a specific amount from the person’s account to the person in whose name the cheque has been drawn.

• The facility of cheque against demand deposits makes it possible to directly settle the payments without the use of withdrawal.
• For payment through cheque, the payer who has an account with the bank, makes out a cheque of a specific amount.
• The money is transferred from one bank account to another in a couple of days. The transaction is complete without any payment of cash.

In 1815, the European powers met at Vienna and tried to transform all the changes that came about in Europe during ’ Napoleon’s era.
The four major proposals/features of the Vienna Congress were
(i) The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power and France lost the territories it had annexed.
(ii) A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent the French expansion in future. Thus, the kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the North and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the South.
(iii) Prussia was given important new territories on its . Western frontiers, while Austria was given control of Northern Italy.
(iv) The German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched.

Subsistence agriculture is used by farmers to fulfill their own needs and not for commercial needs, but in intensive agriculture the farmers grow crops for commercial needs. in subsistence agriculture traditional machinery is applied but in the intensive agriculture modern machinery is applied. in intensive agriculture modern machinery and inputs are used.

Bauxite is an ore of aluminum. Two main uses of aluminum are:
i. Since aluminum is a good conductor of electricity, it is used in the electrical industry.
ii. Aluminum is a light weight metal, it is used in the manufacturing of airplanes and ships.

• The large landowners in Prussia were called Junkers.
• After the Frankfurt parliament was forced to disband due to the opposition of the Prussian monarchy and military, the responsibility of nation building was taken up by the monarchy and aristocracy under prime minister Otto Von Bismarck.
• Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France led to Prussian victory and German unification.
• The Prussian monarchy was supported by the Junkers.