The Greek War of Independence was an event that had mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe. Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century. The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence amongst the Greeks which began in 1821. Nationalist in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many Weat Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture. Poets and artists  lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation and mobilised public opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire. The English poet Lord Byron organised funds and later went to fight in the war. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.

In the long run, power is shared among different political parties that represent different ideologies and social groups. Sometimes, this kind of sharing can be direct, when two or more parties form an alliance to contest elections. If their alliance is elected, they form a coalition government and thus, share power.

In a democracy, various pressure groups and movements also remain active. They also have a share in governmental power, either through participation in governmental committees or having influence on the decision making process.

Biotic Resources are obtained from the biosphere and have life. Eg: Human beings, flora and fauna, fisheries, livestock etc. Abiotic Resources: All those things which are composed of non-living things are called abiotic resources.

India has a varied land use pattern given the geographical diversity of the country. Land use pattern in India is as follows:
i) Net Sown Area is 46% of the total geographic area because of extensive availability of flat terrain in India.
ii) About 22% area of the country is under forest cover.
iii) Barren and unculturable waste land amount to about 8.5%.
iv) About 5.5% is under non-agricultural uses like houses, industries etc.
Rest of the area is under tree crops, grooves, permanent pastures and grazing lands etc.

The land area under forest have increased only marginally from about 18% in 1960s to about 22% at present. This is because of increasing demands for non-forest uses like agriculture, industries etc. Despite government efforts like taking up large scale afforestation programmes, deforestation for development projects like mining, hydropower etc. has not attributed to any large scale increase in forest cover. There are also issues like lacunae in implementation of Forest laws, exclusion of tribals and village communities in conservation efforts have not helped.

Over 80% of the landholdings in India are below 2 hectares. The reasons for such small landholdings are:
i) Continuous fragmentation of landholdings as a result of increasing population has lead to current situation of uneconomical landholdings.
ii) Overwhelming dependence of the country's workforce on agriculture.
iii) Absence of successful efforts for cooperative farming.
iv) Historical reasons like land distribution and ceiling laws have also contributed to fragmented landholdings.
v) Sale of a part of their land when unable to pay their debts also lead to smaller landholdings.

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Answer:

1) Net Sown Area has fallen from 46.26% to 45.5%

2) Forest Area has risen to 23%, which is a good feature, but far lower than desired 33% forest cover as outlined in National Forest Policy (1952)

3) Barren and unculturable waste land  has come down to 5.5%, which is a good indicator that land is being put to productive use

        Waste land includes rocky, arid and desert areas and land put to other           non-agricultural uses includes settlements, roads, railways, industry etc.  

4) Non agricultural land has gone up to 8.7% which indicates more land in infrastructure assets and for manufacturing industries

5) Permanent pasture land has come down to 3.3% which is bad for marginal, nomadic communities who depend aising livestock on free pastures  

Serfdom was the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism, and similar systems. It was a condition of debt bondage and indentured servitude, which developed during the Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages in Europe and lasted in some countries until the mid-19th century.

Idealistic liberal democratic sentiments because of a narrow creed with limited ends. Nationalist groups became increasingly intolerant of each other and ever ready to go to war.
After 1871 nationalist tension mounted in Europe in the area called Balkan’s. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variations.
A large part of Balkans was under the contral of the ottoman Empire.
The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans and downfall of Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.
As the different Slavic nationalist struggled to define their identity and independence, the Balkans became an area of conflict.
There was intense rivalry among the European powers over trade and colonies.
This led to a series of wars in the region and finally the first world war.
Many countries in the world which had been colonized by the European powers in the 19th century began to oppose imperial domination.
The anti-imperial movements developed nationalism and formed independent nationstates.

The 19th century witnessed a globally dominant Europe. Empires expanded, colonies amassed – all pushed energetically forward by the Industrial Revolution. Colonies provided the raw materials and luxury commodities to meet rising consumer demand, in return promising vast markets for European products. The rise of Western Europe after 1500 is due largely to growth in countries with access to the Atlantic Ocean and with substantial trade with the New World, Africa, and Asia via the Atlantic.

The fertility of the soil help us grow crops that provides us food security.

It also provides raw material for various agro-based industries.

forests that grow on soil provide home and food to wild life , and inturn helps maintain ecological balance.

Indian nationalism developed as a concept during the Indian independence movement fought against the colonial British Raj. It continues to strongly influence the politics of India and reflects an opposition to the sectarian strands of Hindu nationalism and Muslim nationalism.

Growth of Indian Nationalism:

• Political and Administrative Unity: ...
• English Language and Western Education: ...
• 3. Development of Transport and Means of Communication: ...
• Emergence of Modern Press: ...
• Economic Exploitation: ...
• Revival of Glorious Indian Heritage: ...
• Impact of International Events: ...
• Social and Religious Reform Movements:

The Revolutionary principles incorporated by Napoleon in administration of France during his reign where first he did away with privileges of birth second equality before law third right to property for simplified administrative divisions abolished Federal systems 63 pigeons from ceftum and manorial dues 7th uniform and standard weights and measures at uniform trade rules.

Potential resources-the resources which are not yet being used or which are still in preliminary stage are potential resources. Devoloped resources- the resources which have been developed by man for use and which are being utilized are actual resources. Potential resources are those that have been identified at particular places but have not yet been utilised whereas developed resources are those that have been surveyed and identified for their quality and quantity.

Prudence is care, caution, and good judgment, as well as wisdom in looking ahead: sober prudence in handling one's affairs. Foresight implies a prudent looking ahead rather far into the future: clear foresight in planning. Prudence is defined as the act of being careful, often with money. An example of prudence is checking your bank account before you spend money.

A coalition government is one which is formed by the coming together of at least two political parties. Usually, it is the partners in an electoral coalition that form a political alliance and adopt a common political programme.

• The purpose of the public sector is not just to earn profits but to think about the social benifits also.
• There are several things needed by the society as a whole but which the private sector will not be able to provide at a reasonable cost.
• Some of these require large sums of money to be spent, which is beyond the capacity of the private sector.

The tertiary sector is different from the other two sectors because the other sectors produce goods but this sector does not produce goods by itself. Instead, the tertiary sector activities help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors. These activities are an aid or support for the production process, e.g., transport, communication, storage, banking, insurance, trade activities etc. For this reason this sector is also known as service sector.

The 1848 revolution of the liberals refers to the various national movements pioneered by educated middle classes alongside the revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving peasants and workers in Europe. While in countries like France, food shortages and widespread unemployment during 1848 led to popular uprisings, in other parts of Europe (such as Germany, Italy, Poland, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire), men and women of the liberal middle classes came together to voice their demands for the creation of nation-states based on parliamentary principles. The political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals were:

•  Politically, they demanded constitutionalism with national unification, nation-state with a written constitution and parliamentary administration.
•  Socially, they wanted to rid society of its class-based partialities and birthrights. Serfdom and bonded labor had to be abolished.
•  Economically they demanded freedom of markets and right to property. The abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movements of goods and capital.

Development is a positive growth or change in economical, social and political aspects of a country.

Two aspects of development are:

(a) Economic development or rise in income of people.

(b) Social development, which includes education, health and public services.

When the power in a country is divided into the Central and the State government, it is called a federal division of power. In a federal set up, while the Central government looks after the administration of the entire country, the state governments look into the administration of their respective states.

(i) A multipurpose project is that which fulfils a variety of purposes at the same time, for example – irrigation, generation of electricity, flood control, fish breeding, soil conservation, etc.
(ii) It would integrate development of agriculture and the village economy with rapid industrialisation and the growth of urban economy.

Public interest groups promote collective rather than selective good. They aim to help groups other than their own members. Trade Unions, Students’ Union, Ex-Armymen Association, etc. are examples of public interest groups.

FEDERALISM is practiced in India by, The creation of Linguistic States was the first and a major test for democratic politics in our country. In 1947, the boundaries of several old States were changed in order to create new States. This was done to ensure that people who spoke the same language lived in the same State.

Romanticism (also known as the Romantic era) was an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1890. Examples of contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe are   (i) The idea of a nation can be created through stories, poets and writings. Music too can help in expressing nationalist feelings or sentiments.   (ii) Romanticism, a cultural movement which emerged in Europe, sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiments or national feelings. The main aim of romantic artists was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage and a common cultural past.   (iii) Language also played an important role in developing the national sentiments or nationalist feeling, e.g., in Poland, language began to be used as a weapon of national resistance. The wide scale use of Polish language came to be seen as a symbol of struggle against national dominance.