Potential resources are those which have been found in a region, but not utilized.

The technology for its access is available, but not put into use.

Eg: Solar and wind energy development in Gujarat and Rajasthan.

Stock resources are those that have the potential to satisfy human needs.

But human beings do not have the suitable technology to access it yet.

Eg: Minerals and other fossil fuels.

The civil code or the Napoleonic code of 1804 was introduced by Napoleon Bonaparte in many parts of Europe to maintain its control. Under this code,

1. Feudal system was abolished.

2. Equality before the law was established.

3. Right to property was given.

4. Serfdoms and manorial dues was abolished.

THE First World War created a new economic and political situation :

• It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans.
• Taxes were increased, custom duties were raised and income tax was introduced.
• Through the war years, prices increased doubling between 1913 and 1918 leading to hardship for the common people.
• Forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger.
• The failure of crops in many parts of India had created food shortages, leading to the added misery of the people.
• There was the outbreak of the great influenza epidemic. Millions of the people perished due to influenza and starvation.
• The Nationalist Movement grew stronger during the war years.

Public facilities are the basic facilities like education, food, health, electricity, sanitation, safe drinking water, shelter, security etc., that are given collectively by the Government.

1. Public facilities are important as they ensure basic needs of the people gets fulfilled in an affordable way.

2. Public facilities provide availability, accessibility and affordability to all class of people.

3. Some public facilities are necessary to make use of other facilities. For example, Electricity connection which is used in schools, primary health centres, farming etc.,

Examples of public facilities include Government schools, Government hospitals, public transport services etc.

A tributary is a stream or a river which flows into a larger river. a tributary does not flow directly into a sea or ocean. For example, river Gomati and Son are the tributaries of river Ganga. 

These soils are black in colour and are also known as regur soils. Since black soil is ideal for growing cotton, it is also known as black cotton soil.
It is believed that climatic conditions along with the parent rock material are the important factors for the formation of black soil. The type of soil is typical of the Deccan Trap (Basalt) region spread over northwest Deccan plateau and is made up of lava flows. They cover the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and extend in the South east direction along the Godavari and the Krishna Valleys.

A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the flow, often creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment.
Dams are classified according to their structure, intended purpose or height. On the basis of structure and material used, dams are classified as:

• Timber dams
• Embankment dams or masonry dams.

According to their height, dams can be categorised as:

• Large dams or major dams
• Low dams
• Medium height dams
• High dams

• Despotism is a kind of control in which a single person rules with absolute power.
• Absolute monarchs tried to hold higher power over their nations without being checked by any laws and the church.
• Monarch in Europe built on the principles of divine rights of the king.
• Some of the nations to exercise despotism were France, Russia, and Spain.

The goal of federalism is to preserve personal liberty by separating the powers of the government so that one government or group may not dominate all powers. The Framers believed that divided power was limited power and applied this theory as they created the Constitution. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and George Washington were advocates of the federal system. In their attempt to balance order with liberty, the Founders identified several reasons for creating a federalist government: to avoid tyranny. to allow more participation in politics.

Many Congress leaders were reluctant to boycott the council elections scheduled for November 1920, and they feared that the movement might lead to popular violence.
In the months between September and December there was an intense tussle within the Congress. For a while there seemed no meeting point between the supporters and the opponents of the movement.
Finally, at the Congress Session at Nagpur in Dec. 1920, a compromise was worked out and the Non-cooperation programme was adopted.

Majoritarianism refers to the rule of a group of majority,, such as the Sinhalas in Sri Lanka.   The Tamil people felt alienated because the government of Sri Lanka did not recognize their rights and criticized them. All the rights were only enjoyed by the Sinhala population. Thus, the political reforms made the Tamil speakers alienated. Itlead to civil war .this type of power sharing is not desirable.  The Sri Lankan Tamils felt that none of the major political parties led by the Buddhist Sinhala leaders were sensitive to their language and culture and denied them equal political rights which led to increased feeling of alienation among them.

Satyagraha was a novel method of mass agitation. The idea of Satyagraha emphasized upon the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggested that if the cause was true and if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.
Through non-violent methods a Satyagraha could appeal the conscience of the oppressor by the power of truth, which was bound to win.