1. Afforestation, i.e. by planting trees
2. Control and proper management over grazing
3. Control on mining activities
4. To plan for proper discharge of industrial effluents
5. Proper management of waste lands
6. Stabilisation of dunes by growing thorny bushes 

A non-renewable resource (also called as finite resource) is a resource, that does not renew itself at a sufficient rate for sustainable economic extraction. Non-renewable resources are resources, that are not easily replenished by the environment. Earth minerals and metal ores, fossil fuels (such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas), nuclear fuels, and groundwater in certain aquifers are all non-renewable resources.

Agriculture is the most important sector of Indian Economy. Indian agriculture sector accounts for 18 per cent of India's gross domestic product (GDP) and provides employment to 50% of the countries workforce.

Industrialisation: Production of goods with the help of machines in factories. The first industrialized Nation-Britain. Features: Handmade goods to machine made goods in factories, cottage to factory, large scale production, started in England in later parts of 18th Century.

Primary Sector : Activities undertaken by using natural resources, e.g., forestry, agriculture, fishing, etc. 

Secondary Sector : Activities includes various manufacturing activities and adds utility to primary sector, e.g., Cotton-cloths, iron ore-Steel, etc. 

Tertiary Sector : Includes all such activities which supports primary and secondary sector by providing services, e.g., transportation, etc.

1 ) The process of unification of ITALY was the work of 3 main leaders, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Count Cavour, and Victory Emmanuel II .
2 ) Italy was divided into 7 states in which only Sardinia-Piedmont was the only region ruled by a Italian Princely house.
3) The northern Region was ruled by Austrian-Habsburg dynasty, The central was ruled by Popes by France and the Southern region by the Bourbon kings of Spain.
4 ) The unification of Italy started with the secret societies formed by Mazzini like the Young Italy and the Young Europe.
5) Count Cavour with his tack full diplomacy with France defeated the Austrians and freed the northern Italy.
6) Garibaldi with his armed volunteers called red shirts defeated the Bourbon kings of Spain freeing the kingdom of 2 sicilies.
7) Victory Emmanuel the 2nd defeated the popes of France and freeing the southern region and completing the unification of Italy and he was proclaimed the emperor of united Italy.

Human rights in the Soviet Union were severely limited and for most of its existence the population was mobilized in support of the single State ideology and the policies promoted by the Communist Party. The state's proclaimed adherence to Marxism-Leninism restricted any rights of citizens to private property. The causes of human rights movement in USSR was human rights focused on issues of freedom of expression, freedom of conscience, freedom to emigrate, punitive psychiatry, and the plight of political prisoners.

Body Mass Index (BMI):
Step 1 : Weight of person in kgand height in metres is taken.
Step 2 : Divide the weight by the square of the height.
BMI = Weight/(Height)^1/2

Step 3 :
If BMI < 18.5, then person is undernourished.
If BMI > 25, then person is overweight. (Note : This criterion is not applicable to growing children)

Kerala has lower per capita income but better human development ranking than Punjab because of many factors. Kerala has the highest literacy rate in the country. Kerala has better health and educational infrastructure than Punjab. Kerala also has better public facilities. Kerala has a better human development ranking than Maharashtra in spite of lower per capita income because of the following reasons: Kerala small Infant Mortality Rate because it has adequate provision of basic health education facilities.

There different forms of Resources which include land, water, human, wealth and more available in the world. They are all distributed unevenly across the states, countries and the world. All social and economic problems caused by an unfair distribution of wealth. Poverty, hunger, homelessness, illiteracy, preventable disease, polluted air and water, and most of the other ills that beset humanity have the same root cause: the inequitable distribution of the planet's wealth and resources.

As per Article 343 of the Constitution of India, India's official languages shall be Standard Hindi (the dialect known as khadi boli) written in the Devanagari script, and English. However, India does not have a national language. There is a difference between a national language and an official language. The reason for not having a national language is our diverse population.

Technical and economic development have led to more consumption of resources in the following ways:

• It provides equipments which increases production that lead to the consumption of more resources. Introduction of sophisticated machinery further helps in exploitation of resources.
• The economic development leads to the rise of the needs of people which results into more consumption of resources.
• Economic development provides favourable environment for the development of latest technologies which helps to convert various materials into resources.

The following steps are taken to control the soil erosion in hilly areas :
(i) Contour ploughing : which refers to ploughing along contour lines.
(ii) Terrace farming : construction of steps along the hilly areas by cutting the rock layers to reduce the flow of rivers.
(iii) Plugging of gullies to prevent gully erosion.

1) Increased the feelings of alienation among the Sri lankan tamils

2) relations between the Sinhalas and tamil community strained over time.

3) Tamils launched parties and struggle, formed political organisations demanding independent tamil Eelam.

4)The relationship between the two communities turned in to a widespread conflict, soon turned into a civil war.

Robinson Crusoe is a novel by Daniel Defoe, first published on 25 April 1719. The first edition credited the work's character Robinson Crusoe as its author, leading many readers to believe he was a real person and the book to be a collection of true incidents.

It was published under the full title The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, Of York, Mariner: Who lived Eight and Twenty Years, all alone in an un-inhabited Island on the Coast of America, near the Mouth of the Great River of Oroonoque having been cast on Shore by Shipwreck, wherein all the Men perished but himself. He will be delivered ashore by a group of pirates unexpectedly

National Income is the total value a country's final output of all new goods and services produced in one year. Per capita Income : When the total National Income is divided by the total population,It is called Per capita Imcome. It is the average income of an average person in that country. Per Capita Income helps to compare and analyse wealth of different population and different regions. It is used as a measure of a nation's standard of living and to ascertain its development.

A situation in which a debt is difficult or impossible to repay, typically because high interest payments prevent repayment of the principal.
An incentive structure that lures individuals into accepting long-term debt obligations under conditions that strongly favor the lender. Victims of debt traps are often prevented from discharging the debt through techniques such as unusually high or variable interest rates, changing payment plans, and unreasonably high penalties for late payments.

The factors that led to civil war in Sri-lanka are :-
1.Majarotirain policy adopted by the sinhala government.
2.The Constitutionl amendment by the sinhala government.
3. It stated that the state shall foster and promote Buddhism.
4 . It aslo stated the sinhala applicants would be given reserved seats .
5. Buddhism would be regarded as the national religion of the country .

In a federal form of government, the central government shares its powers with the various constituent units of the country. For example, in India, power is divided between the government at the Centre and the various State governments.
In a unitary form of government, all the power is exercised by only one government. For example, in Sri Lanka, the national government has all the powers.

A fallow field is land that a farmer plows but does not cultivate for one or more seasons to allow the field to become more fertile again. The practice of leavingfields fallow dates back to ancient times when farmers realized that using soil over and over again depleted its nutrients.

Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development in general and economic development because-

• Manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture.
• They reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
• Helps in eradication of unemployment and poverty.
• Helps in bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
• Exports of manufactured goods expand trade and commerce and bring much-needed foreign exchange.
• India should convert its raw materials into a wide variety of furnished goods in order to prosper.

The difficulties of the local government in the Indian federal political system,are;

1) corruption in the core part of governing system.

2) a long and complex procedure to officially interact with the central government.

3) lack of funding from the central government.

4) lack of enthusiasm for the development work by these local governments.

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