The problem of double counting is the problem of estimating the value of goods and services more than once. Value of intermediate goods is not included in the estimation of gross domestic product because value of intermediate goods is reflected in the value of final goods. For e.g. a farmer sold wheat to flour mill for Rs 10 per kg. The mill grinds the wheat and sold the flour to a biscuit company for Rs 12 per kg. The biscuit company uses the flour, sugar and butter to make 5 biscuit packets. These biscuits are sold to consumer at Rs 15 per biscuit packet (Rs 75). Here biscuits are the final goods which are purchased by the consumer. Wheat and wheat flour are the intermediate goods used in the production of final good. The value of biscuit, Rs 15 includes the value of flour, Rs 12. Hence, only the value of final goods and services are taken into consideration.

Absolutist : Literally , a government or system of rule that has no restraints on the power exercised . in history , the term refers to a form of monarchical government that was centralised, militarised and repressive.

Utopian: a vision of a society that is so ideal that it is unlikely to actually exist.

Modern democracies cannot exist without political parties. The necessity of a political party in democracy can be understood from the given points

• If every elected representative is independent, then no one will make promise for any major policy changes. The government may be formed but its utility will remain always uncertain. Non-party based Panchayat election also create same problems.
  The rise of political parties is directly linked to the emergence of representative democracies.
• As society became larger and complicated, they also need some agency to gather different views on various issues and to present these to the government.
• Political parties inform the people about the working of the ruling party. They talk about the problems of the state, the working and failure of the government and give suggestion for the upliftment of masses. Political party acts as a link between government and masses.
  Thus, political parties are necessary for democracy.

Modern democracies cannot exist without political parties. The necessity of a political party in democracy can be understood from the given points

• If every elected representative is independent, then no one will make promise for any major policy changes. The government may be formed but its utility will remain always uncertain. Non-party based Panchayat election also create same problems.
  The rise of political parties is directly linked to the emergence of representative democracies.
• As society became larger and complicated, they also need some agency to gather different views on various issues and to present these to the government.
• Political parties inform the people about the working of the ruling party. They talk about the problems of the state, the working and failure of the government and give suggestion for the upliftment of masses. Political party acts as a link between government and masses.
  Thus, political parties are necessary for democracy.

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) enlisted some species as endangered species. Endangered species can be defined as those species whose life is under risk or threat. In other words, species which are about to be extinct. Many factors are responsible for this which may be natural or man-made. Endangered species, sooner or later enters the extinction phase. In order to prevent this, necessary actions have to be taken.

Jurisdiction - The area over which someone has legal authority. The area may be defined in terms of geographical boundaries or in terms of certain kind of subjects.

“Sharing of power between states and the centre governments is the basic to the structure of the Constitution of India”, because without this division of power it will be impossible to coexist in a diverse country like India. The states are significant parts of the union and the jurisdiction of both the state and union overlap at many areas, hence it is important to demarcate the boundaries , which are effectively done by the Constitution in India.
The Constitution clearly provided a three–fold distribution of legislative powers between the Union Government and the State Governments.
(i) Union List includes subjects of national importance such as defence of the country, foreign affairs, banking, communication and currency. The Union Government alone can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the Union List.
(ii) State List contains subjects of State and local importance such as police, trade, commerce, agriculture and irrigation. The State Governments alone can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the State List. This allows the constitution to avoid any conflict of power and clear jurisdictions.

• The Judiciary plays an important role in overseeing the implementation of constitutional provisions and procedures.
• In case of any dispute about the division of powers, the High Courts and the Supreme Court make a decision.
• The Union and State governments have the power to raise resources by levying taxes in order to carry on the government and the responsibilities assigned to each of them.

The policies concerning the use of language in India reflect the economic and cultural evolution within the country. India is a diverse and multilingual country where all the Languages are considered equal. When developing the language policy, there was a lot of emphasis on language-development as well as survival. Indian citizens have the right to establish and administer language of their choice.

(i) Trade guilds were associations of producers that trained craft people, maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices
(ii)They enjoyed monopoly rights to produce and trade in specific products
(iii) They also had the right to restrict the entry of new producers into the trade.

The reasons favouring shift from hand printing to mechanical printing in China are: 

(i) Textbooks of Civil Service Examination were printed in vast numbers under the sponsorship of the imperial state. From the sixteenth century, the number of examination candidates went up and that increased the volume of print. 

(ii) By the seventeenth century, print was no longer used just by scholar officials. Merchants used print in their everyday life, as they collected trade information. 

(iii) Reading increasingly became a leisure activity. The new readership preferred fictional narratives, poetry, autobiographies, anthologies of literary masterpieces, and romantic plays. 

(iv) Rich women began to read, and many women began publishing their poetry and plays. Wives of scholar-officials published their works and courtesans wrote about their lives. The new reading culture was accompanied by a new technology. Western printing techniques and mechanical presses were imported in China and Shanghai became the new hub of the new print culture.

BMI is used to determine a person's weight in regard to his height which as a result shows whether a person is underweight, has normal weight, is overweight or obese.
BMI = wight/(height)²

Following are the categories of BMI values:

1. Less than 18.5 = Underweight person  

2. Between 18.5 - 24.9 = Normal weight person  

3. Between 25 - 29.9 = Overweight person  

4. 30 or greater then 30 = Obese person

Wheat: The crop requires 50-75 cm of annual rainfall equally distributed throughout the growing season, cool growing season and bright sunshine at the time of ripening. Two states which lead in the production of wheat are Punjab and Haryana.
Rice: Rice requires high temperature above 250C, high humidity and an annual rainfall above 100cm. West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh leads in the production of rice.

The Central government in India made a law for the Right to work in 200 districts of India is called National Rural Development Guarantee Act 2005 (NREGA, 2005). It is also known as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Development Guarantee Act 2005 is an Indian labour law and social security measures that guarantees work. People who are able to and are in need of work are guaranteed 100 days of employment in a year by the government under this Act and the government give unemployment allowances to the people, if they fails to provide employment.

Cross cutting social difference If social difference cross-cut each other we would find it difficult to find which group is against the other. These groups may have similar views on some issues and different on other issues. It encourages diversity and accommodates unity. Example:- NETHERLAND: The main religion here is Christianity. They have division as Catholics and Protestants. Here class and religion cross-cut each other. Neither of them are rich or poor and do not have conflict between them.