Major functions of modern government include (1) foreign diplomacy, (2) military defense, (3) maintenance of domestic order, (4) administration of justice, (5) protection of civil liberties, (6) provision for and regulation of the conduct of periodic elections, (7) provision for public goods and services.

The Functions of Government:

• Protect the Natural Rights. The primary functions of government are to protect the basic human rights which include right to life, liberty and to possess property. ...
• Defend Against External Enemies. ...
• Managing Economic Conditions. ...
• Redistribution of Income and Resources. ...
• Provide Public or Utility Goods. ...
• Prevent Any Externality.

Types of Irrigation

There are different types of irrigation practised for improving crop yield. These types of irrigation systems are practised based on the different types of soils, climates, crops and resources. The main types of irrigation followed by farmers include:

Surface Irrigation

In this system, no irrigation pump is involved. Here, water is distributed across the land by gravity.

In this system, water is applied to each plant through a network of pipes under low pressure.

Water is distributed from a central location by overhead high-pressure sprinklers or from sprinklers from the moving platform.

In this type, drops of water are delivered near the roots of the plants. This type of irrigation is rarely used as it requires more maintenance and

Unlike gender and religion, caste division is special to India. All societies have some kind of social inequality and some form of division of labour. In most societies, occupations are passed on from one generation to another. While caste systems deal with social structures within the physical world, religion is focussed more on the metaphysical. Caste systems are based on systems dealing with hierarchical issues, while religion is focused on divine worship, morals, and ethical issues. Caste played an important role in the politics of India. As most people from the same caste engaged in common activities their common interest is mobilized by political parties. 

The caste system divides Hindus into four main categories - Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and the Shudras. Many believe that the groups originated from Brahma, the Hindu God of creation. ... The main castes were further divided into about 3,000 castes and 25,000 sub-castes, each based on their specific occupation.

Effects of Caste System in India

• It hindered national unity: ...
• It stood against democracy: ...
• It resulted in suppression: ...
• It hampered national development: ...
• It resulted in treachery and the ultimate fall of the Hindus: ...
• It resulted in religious conversion: ...
• It undermined the ability and aspirations of the people:

India is referred to as a subcontinent for a reason: diverse people, varied topography, and different cultures reside under the name of one unified polity – India. Overpowering these vast differences i.e., the ability to exist as one in spite of these differences, is one of the most successful achievements that India as a nation has achieved.

The Government has launched many schemes and plans to protect this ‘Unity in Diversity’. The one factor that gave the best result was increasing people-to-people contact. The dense roadways have been effective in realising this objective, and the super-highways are the most impressive development in that direction.

These super-highways are constructed with the objective to reduce the distance, and hence time, between the megacities of India. This would result in a quicker flow of goods, passengers and ideas across megacities.

Right to safety means that we as consumers have the right to be protected against the marketing of goods and delivery of services that are hazardous to life and property. ... For example, pressure cookers have a safety valve, which if defective can cause a serious accident. Right to safety in consumer rights means that we as consumers have the right to be protected against the marketing of goods and delivery of services that are hazardous to life and property. Producers and manufacturers should adhere to safety norms while manufacturing goods.

Tourism is the biggest industry in the world from the point of view of turnover. The capital investment in this industry is now even more than oil-industry. Many countries in Europe and Asia now completely depend on the income coming from tourism. Again being labour oriented industry, tourism generates maximum number of employment directly or indirectly.
In India, tourism is a late started industry. After the independence, the Govt. started taking plans to organize and develop the tourism destinations scattered all over the country. Now tourism in India is in such a position which is desirable countries economy. From the civil aviation to hotel industry, everywhere the infrastructural development is remarkable. After the reformation of Indian economy in 1990 with the open policy taken by the then Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh, the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is now increasing gradually.
The steps taken by Govt. – 1} Plans for regional development with the help of tourism where other industries are not in their best.
2} Started one – window policy to boost the direct and as well as indirect investment in tourism.
3} Plans preservation of cultural, heritage and environment at tourist destinations to attract more tourists.
4} Development of infrastructure to meet the present and future needs of tourist.
5} Started different types of luxurious trains like Palace on Wheels, Royal Orient or Deccan Queens.
6} Developing basic infrastructure.
7} Started overseas offices at different countries to promote India as a tourism destination.
8} Proper coordination between the states and central tourism departments been ordered to develop the destinations.
9} Started different packages to attract for those destinations attracting more tourists.
10} Developed different Tourism Circuits like Golden Triangle or Buddhist Circuit to attract more tourists.
11} ITDC is now taking part in different tourism fairs all over the world.
12} Trying to provide best of the services in Air India and in Indian Rail.
13} Building accommodation in Govt. level and encouraging the private companies to invest in accommodation sector by giving them different tax benefits.

Arid soils range from red to brown in colour.

• They are sandy in texture and saline in nature. In some areas, the salt content is very high and common salt is obtained by evaporating the water.
• Due to dry climate, high temperature, evaporation is faster and the soil lacks humus and moisture.
• The lower layers of the soil are occupied by Kankar because of the increasing calcium content downwards.
• After proper irrigation, these soils become cultivable as has been in the case of western Rajasthan.

• The major social groups of Sri Lanka are: the Sinhala speakers (74 per cent) and the Tamil speakers (18 per cent).
• Among Tamils there are two sub-groups: Tamil natives of the country are called ‘Sri Lankan Tamils’ and the rest, whose forefathers came from India as plantation workers during colonial period are called ‘Indian Tamils’.
• Sri Lankan Tamils are concentrated in the north and east of the country.
• Most of the Sinhala-speaking people are Buddhists, while most of the Tamils are Hindus or Muslims. There are about 7 per cent Christians who are both Tamils and Sinhalas

After the failure of non-cooperation-khilafat movement, muslims felt alienated from the congress. The reason was, from the mid 1920s, congress started associating itself with Hindu religious nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha.

There were religious processions organised by each community with militant fervour provoking Hindu-Muslim communal clashes and riots.

Although there were efforts by the Congress and Muslim league to renegotiate an alliance in 1927, but as Jinnah had put up the demand for seperate electorates, the hope for resolving the issue at the All Parties Conference in 1928 shattered when M.R.Jayakar of Hindu Mahasabha refused to compromise.

When the Civil Disobedience movement started there was an atmosphere of distrust b/w the communities. Muslim leaders feared that the identity of muslims will be lost under the domination of a Hindu majority.

The Human Development Index HDI is defined as the composite statistics used to rank countries by levels of human development. The HDI is a measure of health, education and income. It measures the average achievements in a country in these three basic dimensions of human development, calculated into an index.

Health - Life expectancy at birth

Education - expected years schooling for school-age children and average years of schooling in the adult population

Income - measured by Gross National Income (GNI) per capita. 

The caricaturists is trying to depict the true nature of conservative monarchies of the 19th century Europe, which did not allow the ideas of liberalism and individual freedom to flourish. In the picture the club has thinkers but they do not have power to express their thought. This is the right way to depict that the people did not have the freedom of speech or freedom of press.

Ernst Renan was a French philosopher, who outlined the attributes of a nation which are as follows (t) A nation is not formed by a common language, race, religion or territory.
(ii) To form a nation, social capital, common glories and deeds of the past and common will are necessary. A nation is the culmination of a long past of endeavours, sacrifice and devotion.
(iii) Nation is a large-scale solidarity, its existence is a daily plebiscite and ts inhabitants have the right to be consulted.
(iv) The existence of a nation is not only a good thing, but also a necessity.
(v) A nation has never any real interest in annexing or holding on to a country against its will.
Nations are important because existence of the nation is a guarantee of liberty. Liberty would be lost if the world had only one law and only one master.

A debt trap is defined as "A situation in which a debt is difficult or impossible to repay, typically because high interest payments prevent repayment of the principal." According to the Center for Responsible Lending, 76% of the total volume of payday loans in the United States are due to loan churning. Many people fall prey to 'easy EMIs', 'discounts', and 'sales'. Compulsive spending can strain your finances and push you towards a debt trap. “People who can't control themselves often end up buying things on EMIs