Reserves are subset of stock.

Stock: Resources that have potential to satisfy human needs but are not used because of lack of technology.

Reserve: Resources that have potential to satisfy human needs and humans also have technology to use them, but their usage is not started widely, this is to conserve resources for future.

The majority of women do some sort of paid work in addition to domestic labour, but their work is not valued and does not get recognition.

The Frankfurt Parliament: It was an all-German National Assembly formed by the middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans belonging to the different German regions. It was convened on 18 May, 1848 in the Church of St. Paul, in the city of Frankfurt. This assembly drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament. However, it faced opposition from the aristocracy and military. Also, as it was dominated by the middle classes, it lost its mass support base. In the end, it was forced to disband on 31 May, 1849.

The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution  Second French Revolution or Trois Glorieuses in French ("Three Glorious [Days]"), saw the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Bourbon monarch, and the ascent of his cousin Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans, who himself, after 18 precarious years on the throne, would in turn be overthrown in 1848. It marked the shift from one constitutional monarchy, under the restored House of Bourbon, to another, the July Monarchy; the transition of power from the House of Bourbon to its cadet branch, the House of Orléans; and the replacement of the principle of hereditary right by popular sovereignty. Supporters of the Bourbon would be called Legitimists, and supporters of Louis Philippe Orléanists.

Panchayat  raj is actually a local self government system especially in the india . This is particular for the rural areas where local administrative  affairs are keep in check and the these resolved by this system. There members are elected one upon which local government are constituted .Most modern type this Panchayat raj is consist of three level , one is village level other is block level  and the last one is panchayat of district level. So they are helpful in solvong the local affairs and their handling.   

Importance of panchayati raj :

1) It helps in the decentralization of power. There are a no of problem and issue which are now successfully settled at local level.

2) It has contributed significantly towards reducing the burden of the central government .

3) It allows local people to directly participate in decision making.

Nation states emerged after overthrowing monarchy and dynasty rule in Europe. While modern states have been developing since then. Modern states are ruled by a centralised power and authority.

In a nation state, citizens came to develop a common identity based on shared language, traditions and cutoms. In modern states, people speaking different languages, following various traditions and cultures live together. Nations states have now developed as modern states.

Development is a positive growth or change in economical, social and political aspects of a country.

Two aspects of development are:

(a) Economic development or rise in income of people.

(b) Social development, which includes education, health and public services.

The Movement in the Towns:

• The movement started with good participation from the middle-class in the cities.
• Thousands of students left government-controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal practices.
• The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras. In Madras, the Justice Party, the party of the non-Brahmans, felt that entering the council was one way of gaining some power – something that usually only Brahmans had access to.
• Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires. The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922, its value dropping from Rs 102 crore to Rs 57 crore. The boycott of foreign cloths helped in increasing the demand of cloths made in India.

Swaraj in the Plantations

The plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission; as per the Indian Emigration Act of 1859. When the news of Non-Cooperation Movement spread to the plantations, many workers began to defy the authorities. They left plantations and headed towards their homes. But they got stranded on the way because of a railway and steamer strike. They were caught by the police and brutally beaten up.

Many analysts are of the opinion that the vision of the movement was not properly defined by the Congress. Different people interpreted the term ‘swaraj’ in their own ways. For them, swaraj meant an end to all their problems. However, people from various strata of society began to chant the name of Gandhi and the slogan of Swatantra Bharat. In some way or the other, they were trying to relate to the wider movement which was beyond their comprehension.

Powers and responsibilities of Panchayats :
According to the constitution, Panchayats shall be given power and authority in relation to following matters.
(i) Preparation of plan for economic development and social justice for the village.
(ii) Implementation of schemes for economic development of the villages.
(iii) It will charge and collect all the due taxes, duties, tolls and fees.

Friedrich Wilhelm IV was the king of Prussia from 1840-1861. He opposed the elected assembly of German and supported the monarchs. Even though he was a true conservative, he adopted less strict policies and also promised people to form the constitution in future. But since he supported the Monarchs, he rejected the proposal to form an elected legislative assembly.

Napoleon introduced the following changes to make the administrative system more efficient in the areas ruled by him:

•  He established civil code in 1804 also known as the Napoleonic Code. It did away with all privileges based on birth. It established equality before the law and secured the right to property.
• He simplified administrative divisions, the abolished feudal system, and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
• In towns too, guild systems were removed. 
• Transport and communication systems were improved.
• Peasants, artisans, businessmen and workers enjoyed the newfound freedom.

Marianne and Germania are allegories of France and Germany respectively...

Allegories is a an abstract idea which is expressed through a person or thing.

Nations were portrayed as female figures, which we call allegories
Marianne :

Marainne is an allegory of France. " Marainne " is a popular Christian name , which underlined the idea of a people's nation. Her characterstics were drawn from those of liberty and the republic - the red cap, the tri - colour, the cokade.
Statues of Marainne were erected in the public squares to remind the public of the national symbol of unity and to persuade them identify with it.

Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-82) was a famous Italian freedom fighter. He managed a large number of volunteers apart from regular troops.

 In 1934 Civil Disobedience was re launched.

The Belgian leaders amended their Constitution four times between 1970 and 1993, to work out an arrangement agreeable to all sections of society.
(i) The number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers are equal in the central government.
(ii) Many powers of the central government have been given to state government of the two regions of the country.
(iii) The state governments are not subordinate to the central government.
(iv) Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation.
(v) The ‘Community Government’ is elected by people belonging to one language community–Dutch, French and German-speaking – no matter where they live.

Most of the India’s iron ore is found in the peninsular plateau, almost in all the states of the plateau.

Karnataka : It ranks first in the production of iron ore. The major iron ore fields are

(i) Hospet in Bellari district, 

(ii) Bababudan hills, 

(iii) Kalahandi and Kamangudi in Chickmaglur district. It is also found in Chitradurga, Shimoga and Tumkur districts.

Chhattisgarh: It occupies second place contributing about 22.2% of the total output. The major fields are Bailadila in Bastar. Dalli, Rajhera in Durg district, Rajgarh, Bilaspur and Sarguja districts.

Orissa : It is found in Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj, Sambalpur, Cuttak and Sundargarh.

Goa : It occupies fourth place in the production of iron ore.

Jharkhand : It is the fifth largest producer of iron ore.  Jharkhand has some of the oldest iron ore mines and most of the iron and steel plants are located around them. Most of the important mines such as Noamundi and Gua are located in Poorbi and Pashchimi Singhbhum districts. This belt further extends to Durg, Dantewara and Bailadila.

Maharashtra : The districts of Chandrapur, Bhandara and Ratnagiri are important regions  of Maharashtra.

Agriculture is the most important sector ofIndian Economy. Indian agriculture sector accounts for 18 per cent of India's gross domestic product (GDP) and provides employment to 50% of the countries workforce. India is the world's largest producer of pulses, rice, wheat, spices and spice products.