Planning is widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources in a country like India which has enormous diversity in the availability of resources.
(i) There are regions which are rich in certain types of resources, but are deficient in some other resources.
(ii) There are some regions which can be considered self-sufficient in terms of the availability of resources and there are some regions which have acute shortage of some vital resources.
e.g. The states of Jharkhand, Chattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are rich in minerals and coal deposits. Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water resources, but lacks in infrastructural development. The state of Rajasthan is very well endowed with solar and wind energy, but lacks in water resources. So, to cope up with all these diversities, planning in required.

Meaning of Human Resource Development (HRD)

Human Resource Development (HRD) refers to an invest­ment in human capital. Investment in human capital yields a return just like investment in physical capital. Highly educated, better trained and healthier people are highly productive for an economy. Human Development Report published by UNDP compares countries based on the educational level, health status and per capita income.

Holding Together Federation: 

(i) Large country decides to divide its power between states and the centre. 

(ii) Central government tends to be more powerful. 

(iii) Federating units have unequal power. 

(iv) India, Spain, Belgium.

Coming Together Federation: 

(i) Independent states coming together on their own to form a bigger unit. 

(ii) All the states have equal power and are strong. 

(iii) By pooling sovereignty and retaining identify, they increase their security. 

(iv) U.S.A, Switzerland, Australia.

Indian culture is diversified. People of India have veried religion, language, living style etc . But there is a unity among this diversity .

The factors responsible for the unity among such great diversity are :

1) Though people have different religion, spoke different language but all Indians are bonded with the bond of being Indian .

2) Whenever the land of India was attacked by foreigners and invaders the Indian people stand United against them.

3) In ancient India the idea of secularism was started. During his rule King Ashoka has made it clear that people should follow a path of unity and should respect every religion.

4) The Assimilation of culture also made the unity in India .

Under this system, villagers get the political get powers to manage their own affairs and can participate in the democratic process of the country at large. It enables all the citizens of India to be part of the political mainstream at the most basic level of administration. Panchayati raj system ensures large scale  political involvement of women. Giving power to Panchayats is also a way to reduce corruption and increase administrative efficiency. Thus, panchayati Raj will strengthen democracy.

Three fold distribution of powers is provided by Constitution in which each level has been provided with its own lists of subjects that are -
1.union list- It is list of central government and includes subjects like foreign affairs , banking, communication and currency etc.
2.state list - it contain subjects like police,trade , commerce, agriculture etc. and state government is responsible for legislation of law related to it.
3.concurrent list- it contains subjects which come under common interests of state and union government it includes education, forest, trade unions,marriage , adoption policies etc.

Yes, it helps in the settlement of a large number of problems and issues at the local level. 

(i) It provides a platform for the direct participation of people in decision making. 

(ii) In another way, decentralisation in the form of ‘Local Self government’ is the best way to realise principles of Democracy.

1) If consumers are actively involved, companies will also be on their guard and offer better services and products, offering greater value.
2) Consumers must be aware of not only the products but also legal measures to protect themselves.
3) The Government imposed certification marks such as ISI mark for industrial products, AGMARK for agricultural products, etc., that ensure product quality for consumers.
4) The enactment of COPRA (Consumer Protection Act 1986) has given strength to consumer movement.
5) RTI (Right to Information) Act, has ensured that consumers are able to get information on functioning of government institutions as well.

Three factors which determine the outcomes of politics of social divisions:

•  The people's perception of their identities: When this is singular, the accommodation of other identities becomes difficult.
•  Representation of a community by political leaders: While representing a community, if politicians raise demands that are constitutional, then it is easier to accommodate those demands.
•  The government's reaction: If the reasonable demands of a community are suppressed by the government, then it leads to social divisions, which in turn threaten the integrity of the country.

Communal politics is based on the idea that religion is the principal basis of social community. 

The followers of a particular religion must belong to one community. Their fundamental interests are the same.

It also follows that people who follow different religions cannot belong to the

same social community. 

The factors that determine the outcome of politics of social divisions are-
1- People's perceptions :- this is the most important factor that decides the outcome of politics of social division. if the people see their identities in singular and exclusive terms then it will lead to social division and violence.
2- Raising the demands by political leaders:- the outcome of polics also depends on how political leaders raise the demands of any community. it is easier to accommodate demands that are within the Constitutional framework.
3- Reaction of government :- the outcome of politics of social division also depend on reaction of government. that how the government reacts to the demand of different groups.

Consequences of majoritarian policies adopted by Sri Lankan Government. 

(i) Tamils felt the government was not sensitive about Tamil language and culture. 

(ii) Tamils felt discriminated against in jobs and education. 

(iii) Tamils felt the government was practicing religious discrimination.

(iv) Relations between Tamils and Sinhalese became strained.

The strong demand of the emerging middle classes in Europe was:

(i) Freedom of markets and 

(ii) The abolition of state imposed restructure on the movement of goods and capital.

Absolute monarchy in France slowly emerged in the 16th century and became firmly established during the 17th century. Absolute monarchy is a variation of the governmental form of monarchy in which the monarch holds supreme authority and where that authority is not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customs. In France, Louis XIV was the most famous exemplar of absolute monarchy, with his court central to French political and cultural life during his reign. It lasted between 1500 and 1650, many of the major European powers were ruled by absolute monarchs. An absolute monarch is a ruler who claims that they were made rulers by God and thus had a divine right to rule.

The sources of energy which have been in use since a long time are called conventional sources of energy. Coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydel energy, wind energy and nuclear energy are considered to be the conventional sources of energy. Additionally, firewood is also a conventional source of energy but its usage is now limited to kitchens in rural parts of India.

Germany and Italy were politically unified when leaders mobilised nationalist feeling in upper class circles and carried out aggressive foreign policies and nationalism threatened the existence of the Hapsburg monarchy. The unification of Germany and Italy altered the balance of power in Europe. Although the achievement of Prussian dominance within the Confederation was one of Bismarck's greatest accomplishments, the unification of the German states into a single large nation is perhaps most significant because it transformed Germany into an important world power of both the 19th and 20th centuries.

The relations between the Centre and the States in political, economic, financial and administrative spheres have been periodically reviewed. The Administrative Reforms Commission and the Sarkaria Commission were appointed to review the whole gamut of relations between the Centre and the States and to recommend measures, including changes in the Constitutional provisions, to harmonise the relationship between the Centre and the States. While the Government has accepted and implemented several recommendations of the Administrative Reforms Commission, the recommendations of the Sarkaria Commission are under consideration in the Inter-State Council (ISC) which is trying to reach a consensus on various issues. Out of the 247 recommendations of the Sarkaria Commission, the Inter-State Council has taken a decision on 91 recommendations. These recommendations pertain to All India Services, Administrative Relations, Deployment of Union Armed Forces, Agriculture, Forest, Food, Civil Supplies, Mines and Minerals, Trade, Commerce, Mass Media etc. The re-activisation of ISC has opened a new chapter in the Centre-State relations and provided a useful forum for building a common national approach on various issues.

“Centre-State relations” of Indian Federalism constitute the core of federalism and they are regulated by the provisions of the Constitution.
(i) The division of powers between the Union and the States, as given in the Indian Constitution has a strong bias in favour of the Centre. Various kinds of restrictions are imposed upon the states.
(ii) Administrative relations. The Indian Constitution is based on the principle that the executive power is co-extensive with the Legislative power i.e., Union and state executives can deal with all matters on which legislature legislates.
(iii) In the administrative affairs also the centre acquires control over states through All India Services, Grant-in-Aid etc.
Hence, restructuring of the centre-state relations is one more way in which federalism has been strengthened in practice.

Various political doctrines have been directly influenced or inspired by religions. Various strands of Political Islam exist, with most of them falling under the umbrella term of Islamism. Beyond universalist ideologies, religions have also been involved in nationalist politics. Parties based on caste and religious sentiments may cause unrest among the people and even lead integration. A leader should not stand for a particular religion, caste or region.

The civil code of 1804 also known as the Napoleonic Code was enacted on March 21, 1804. It was one of the most important code of those times because institutionalised equalilty under law i.e. it ruled out privileges to people that were based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and stated that only the most qualified would be entitled to government jobs.