Find out more about nationalist symbols in countries outside Europe. For one or two countries, collect examples of pictures, posters or music that are symbols of nationalism. How are these different form European examples?

Some of the nationalist symbols of the countries other than European countries are as under :

These nationalist symbols are very different from the symbols of European countries in the manner that they mainifest nationalist sentiments of their respective countries.

The caricaturists is trying to depict the true nature of conservative monarchies of the 19th century Europe, which did not allow the ideas of liberalism and individual freedom to flourish. In the picture the club has thinkers but they do not have power to express their thought. This is the right way to depict that the people did not have the freedom of speech or freedom of press.

The civil code of 1804 also known as the Napoleonic Code was enacted on March 21, 1804. It was one of the most important code of those times because institutionalised equalilty under law i.e. it ruled out privileges to people that were based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and stated that only the most qualified would be entitled to government jobs. 

Per Capita Income is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries. The limitation of this criterion are:

•  It doesn’t show the distribution of income.
•  It also ignores other factors such as infant mortality rate, literacy level, healthcare, etc.

Industries are not found everywhere. They are located at certain places only where they get favourable conditions to thrive. Industrial Location is governed mainly by the following factors:

• Raw Materials
• Source of Energy
• Source of Water
• Availability of Capital and Finance
• Demand in Market
• Skilled Labourers and Workers
• Banking and Insurance
• Transport and Communication

Belgium has borders with France and Luxembourg.

When some social differences overlap other differences, it creates overlapping of social differences. This kind of situation produces social divisions, when one kind of social difference becomes more important than the other and people start feeling that they belong to different communities. Overlapping differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions.
For example,
(i) The difference between the Blacks and Whites became a social division in the US because the Blacks always tend to be poor, homeless and discriminated against.
(ii) In our country, Dalits tend to be poor and landless as they often free injustice and discrimination.

Intensive farming or intensive agriculture involves various types of agriculture with higher levels of input and output per unit of agricultural land area.

Features of ​Intensive Subsistence Farming
1. It is practised in areas of high population pressure on land
2. Modern machineries are used
3. Labour intensive farming is used
4. Artificial irrigation method is followed
5. In this type of farming, high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher production. Higher doses of modern inputs, e.g. high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides are used

The Belgium model of sharing power in their democratic set-up is very complicated. It is so because many provisions have been made by their constitution. These provisions are not easy even for the people in Belgium to understand. These provisions have helped avoiding civil strife between the two major communities and a possible division upon linguistic lines.

Gandhiji successfully organise satyagrah movements in various places just after arriving in India. The movement started in 1916 from Champaran Bihar, where Gandhiji inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.

The second satyagraha movement took place in the very next year of Champaran movement.In 1917, at khedo district of Gujarat the second satyagraha completed successfully. Here the peasants were not able to pay the revenue, because of crop failure and a plague epidemic and demanding that revenue collection be relaxed.

The third movement was held in 1918. Gandhiji went to Ahmedabad to organise a satyagraha movement amongst cotton mill workers.

The service sector includes activities which help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors. These activities do not produce a good on its own but serve as an aid for the production process. Transport, banking, communication, storage, trade are a few examples of service sector activities. It also includes essential services which may not directly help in the production of goods. For example, teachers, doctors, lawyers, etc.

Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in 1915. In South Africa, he had successfully fought the racist regime with a notel method known as Satyagraha.
The three reasons stating the fact are
(i) The idea of Satyagraha emphasised the power of truth which would ultimately triumph; Gandhiji believed that the dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians.
In India, Gandhiji launched Satyagraha movements in various areas like Champaran, Kheda and Ahmedabad.
(ii) In 1919, the Rowlatt Act was passed by the Imperial Legislative Assembly which gave enormous power to the British Government.
The government could detain any political prisoner without any trial for two years. The aim of this Act was to repress political activities of the nationalists. People were agitating against the law.
(iii) On 13th April, 1919, the infamous incident took place where hundreds of innocent people were killed. As the news of Jallianwalla Bagh spread, widespread movement started.
Gandhiji now felt the need to launch a more broad based movement in India.

The economists and politicians learnt two key lessons from the inter-war economic experiences.
(i) First, an industrial society based on mass production cannot be sustained without mass consumption.
(ii) There was a need for high and stable income which depends on full employment of the people.
(iii) Since market alone could not guarantee full employment; government should intervene and take steps to minimise fluctuation of market forces.
(iv) The second lesson is that the global economy is inter-related.
(v) The goal of full employment could only be achieved if governments had power to control flow of goods, capital and labour.

The Non-Cooperation Movement spread to the countryside. The following points state its spread
(i) In Awadh, peasants under the leadership of Baba Ram Chandra revolted against the talukdars and the landlords who demanded very high rent and different taxes from them. The peasant demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar and social boycott of oppressive landlords. In many places, local leaders told peasants that Gandhiji had declared that no taxes were to be paid and land was to be redistributed among the poor.
(ii) In the Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh, a Militant Guerrilla Movement spread. The colonial government had closed large forest areas which affected the livelihood of the forest people. When the government forced them to contribute begar or free labour, they revolted. Alluri Sitaram Raju inspired by Gandhiji’s ideals came to lead them and the Gudem rebels attacked police stations and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving Swaraj.

Role of cultural processes in making of nationalism in India:

• The sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles.
• There were also a variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured peoples’
• imagination.
• History, fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols played a part in the making of nationalism.
• The identity of the nation is most often symbolised in a figure or an image.
• This helped to create an image with which people can identify the nation.

Belgium has an area of 30,689 square kilometers, with 16,901 km² (6,526 sq mi) for Wallonia, 13,625 km² (5,261 sq mi) for the Flemish Region and 162.4 km² (62.7 sq mi) for the Brussels Capital Region.

Belgium is a small country in Europe, having population of a little over 1 crore. The ethnic composition of this country is very complex. Of the country’s total population, 59% lives in Flemish region and speaks Dutch language. Another 40% people live in the Wallonia region and speak French. Remaining 1 % of the Belgians speak German. In the capital city Brussels, 80% people speak French while 20% are Dutch-speaking.

1. Road transport operating cost is cheaper than Rail transport.
2. Road transport is easy to access in hilly areas. It's easy to carry goods to hilly areas by roads.
3. Construction and maintenance cost  is less in road transport.
4. Road transport is better to transport goods for short distance.
5. Road transport delivers goods and people at door. 

The criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development is different from the one used by the World Bank in following ways:
i) UNDP measures development on the parameters of education, health and per capita income whereas World Bank measures the same only on the basis of per capita income.
ii) UNDP ranks the countries on the basis of development whereas World Bank classifies them into three categories: rich countries, middle income countries and poor countries.
iii) UNDP has a broader framework to measure development whereas World Bank has a narrow framework to measure the same.

Advantages of Globalisation
(i) Globalisation has resulted in greater competition among producers-both local and foreign. This has improved the quality of products and lowered the prices.
(ii) A wider variety of goods are available in the market for consumers.
Disadvantages of Globalisation
(i) For a large number of small producers, globalisation has posed major problems. These producers were not able to free the competition from large foreign producers and hence several of such production units had to shut down, rendering workers jobless.
(ii) Workers in MNCs are employed on* temporary basis . and laid off without any compensation during the slack period.

Mortality shows the number of deaths in a particular population. It is expressed as the number of deaths per 100 people per year. It is measured with the help of systems such as SAPS II and III, APACHE-II, Glasgow, Coma scale, etc.