International trade is the order of the day. Technology, particularly IT, has played a big role in organising production across countries.
As the resources are space bound, no country can survive without international trade.
Export and import are the components of trade, as no country can sufficiently produce each and every product required by its people nor can its domestic market consume the products that it produces.
It is for this reason it is said that no country can survive without international trade.

The northeastern part of the country is marked with the presence of difficult hilly and mountainous terrain, dissected relief, large number of rivers, dense forest, heavy rainfall and frequent floods. International frontiers also mark this region. Air transport is the best mode of travel in these areas as airways can negotiate over geographical obstacles and political boundaries with great ease. Roads and railways cannot be properly laid out in such difficult terrain and heavy rainfall and frequent floods disrupt all other modes of transportation. Air transport is the only means of communication under such situations. They can access remote and inaccessible areas in these north-eastern states. They are the fastest and most comfortable means of transport. Domestic airlines have made special provisions to extend air service to the northeastern states at subsidised rates to meet the requirement of the common people. So, the airways are also within the financial reach of the common people in this region.

On account of all these factors, airways is the preferred mode of transportation in the north eastern states of India.

The Indian railways faces the following problems:

• Many passengers travel without tickets.
• Thefts and damage of railway property has not yet stopped completely.
• People stop the trains and pull the chain unnecessarily. This causes heavy damage to the railways.

The distribution pattern of the Railway network in the country has been largely influenced by physiographic, economic and administrative factors:

(i)The northern plains with their vast level land, high population density and rich agricultural resources provided the most favourable condition for their growth.

(ii)However, a large number of rivers requiring construction of bridges across their wide beds posed some obstacles.

(iii)In the hilly terrains of the peninsular region, railway tracts are laid through low hills, gaps or tunnels.

(iv)The Himalayan mountainous regions too are unfavourable for the construction of railway lines due to high relief, sparse population and lack of economic opportunities.

(v)Likewise, it was difficult to lay railway lines on the sandy plain of western Rajasthan, swamps of Gujarat, forested tracks of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Jharkhand.

 Gurmeetubhi2874 08.01.2019 Social Sciences Secondary School +13 pts Answered What are the factors affecting the distribution of railway network? 2 SEE ANSWERS Log in to add comment Answers  junejaabhilasha    Virtuoso The distribution pattern of the Railway network in the country has been largely influenced by physiographic, economic and administrative factors: The northern plains with their vast level land, high population density and rich agricultural resources provided the most favourable condition for their growth.  A large number of rivers requiring construction of bridges across their wide beds posed some obstacles. In the hilly terrains of the peninsular region, railway tracts are laid through low hills, gaps or tunnels. The Himalayan mountainous regions too are unfavourable for the construction of railway lines due to high relief, sparse population and lack of economic opportunities. It is equally difficult on the sandy plain of western Rajasthan, swamps of Gujarat, forested tracks of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Jharkhand. hope it helps you... 3.5 27 votes THANKS 23 Comments    Report mindfulmaisel    Ace The factors that led to the concentration of the railway network are as follows: To carry heavy goods and people for long distances It is a cheap, economical and faster mode of transportation They carry loads in bulks They help with the development of the industry by connecting the economic life of the country. Explanation: The railways are a boon for the country and the industries. The Railway network helps with transportation and travel of people from one place to another.   They are a well-organized system that is dependable and not affected by weather conditions.   It is one of the most organized systems of the transport network in the country.

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• Railways is the principal mode of transportation for freight and passengers in India.
• Railways also makes it possible to conduct a number of activities like business, sightseeing, pilgrimage along with transportation of goods over long distances.
• Apart from being a means of transport, the Indian railways has been a great integrating force for more than 150 years.
• Railways in India binds the economic life of the country by deveioping industry and agriculture through transportation. The Indian railways is the largest public sector undertaking in India.

(i) Construction cost of roads is much lower than railway lines.
(ii) Roads can be constructed easily in hilly terrains and undulating topography.
(iii) Roadways act as a feeder to other modes of transport, as they provide a link between railway stations, air and sea ports.
(iv) Road transport is economical in transportation of few persons and relatively smaller amount of goods over short distances.
Thus, it can be concluded that roadways still have an edge over railways in India.

The vast territory lying between the Black sea and the Adriatic sea comprising the modern states of Romania, Albania, Greece, Croatia, Bosnia- Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro was known as the Balkans.
All these states were once the part of the Ottoman Empire and were inhabited by people broadly known as Slavs.

The Balkan Peninsula is commonly known as the Balkans.   The Balkans can usually be called a group of small countries, which includes Albania, Bulgari, Kosova, Romania, Slovenia, etc. Some parts of Greece and Turkey also come in the Balkan Peninsula, all these small countries together are called Balkans.

• Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century.
• The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence amongst the Greeks which began in 1821.
• Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many West Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture.
• Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation and mobilised public opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire.
• The English poet Lord Byron organised funds and later went to fight in the war, where he died of fever in 1824.
• Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.

When power is distributed in lower and higher levels of govt.

Vertical division of power refers to sharing of power among different levels of the government - union, state and local government. In this division of power, the local government will work under the union or the state government and the state government will work under the union government.

When power is shared between organs of government that is Legislative, Executive , Judiciary and placed them at equal place to exercise different powers is called Horizontal distribution of power. In this one organ can interept in other organs if they misuse their powers . These results in stability in these organs.

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1. Power sharing helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. Power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order as social conflict often leads to violence and political instability.
2. Imposing the will of the majority community over others may look like an attractive option in the short run, but in the long run it determines the unity of the nation. Tyranny of the majority is not only oppressive for the minority but it also brings ruin to the majority.
3. The very spirit of democracy is power sharing. A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise, and who have to live with its effects. Citizens of a country have a right to be consulted on how they are being governed. A legitimate government is one where citizens, through participation, acquire a stake in the system.

The series of majoritarian measures adopted by the democratically elected government were as follows: 
(i) In 1956, an act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the official language thus disregarding Tamil.
(ii) The government followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs.
(iii) A new Constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism.

he idea of power sharing has emerged in opposition to the notions of undivided political power. For a long time, it was believed that all power of a government must reside in one person or group of persons of located at one place. It was felt that, if the power to decide is dispersed, it would not be possible to take quick decisions and to apply them. These ideas have changed with the emergence of democracy. Now, power sharing is the essential idea of democracy. It promotes the fallowing values (i) It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. (ii) It ensures the stability of political order. (iii) It is the very spirit of democracy. Everyone  has a voice in the shaping of public policies.

So that there would be no fight among any group

The distrust between the Sinhala and Tamil communities turned into a civil war due to the following reasons :
(a) Sinhala was declared as the only official language disregarding Tamil.

(b) Sinhala applicants were favoured for government jobs and higher positions in military and bureaucracy.

(c) Buddhism was declared as the official religion.

In the belgium model of power sharing

1-The state governments are not subordinate to the central which means they are not answerable to them.

2-Many powers of the central are given to the states.

3-The Dutch and the French enjoy a majority over each other in the whoe nation and the capital respectively . Thus Both the communities have equal number of representatives in the central as well as the Brussels's government.

4-There is a third government known as the community government which is elected by people belonging to one language , irrespective of where they live. This government has the power on cultural matters .

Federalism has two levels of government:

1.One is the government for the entire country that is usually responsible for a few subjects of common national interest.
2.The others are governments at the level of provinces or states that look after much of the day-to-day administering of their state.

Coffee grows well on fertile and well drained loamy soil.

A coffee plantation requires hot and humid climatic conditions. Though rainfall should be distributed throughout the year, there should be one long dry season so that the coffee beans can ripen. Frost is harmful for the coffee plantation.

sandy loam

People were asked to resign from their government jobs. People were asked to withdraw their children from government-controlled or aided schools and colleges. People were asked to boycott foreign goods and use only Indian-made goods.

Rowlatt Acts, (February 1919), legislation passed by the Imperial Legislative Council, the legislature of British India. The acts allowed certain political cases to be tried without juries and permitted internment of suspects without trial. ... They were based on the report of Justice S.A.T. Rowlatt's committee of 1918

Rowlatt Acts, (February 1919), legislation passed by the Imperial Legislative Council, the legislature of British India. The acts allowed certain political cases to be tried without juries and permitted internment of suspects without trial.

Thanks ??

The political conditions of Europe as follows : (i) The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe.

(ii) In most countries, there were more job seekers than employment. Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.

(iii) Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine made goods from England, where industrialisation was more advanced than on the continent.

(iv) In these regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.

(v) The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country

Thanks Yogita

Public distribution system (PDS) is an Indian food security system. Established by the Government of India under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food, and Public Distribution, the scheme is managed jointly by State governments. It distributes subsidized food and non-food items to India's poor.

*And this is short answer* - They demanded separate electorate that would choose dalit members, and reserved seats in eduactional institution

(i) The Dalit leaders sought a political solution to the problem faced by the depressed classes. (ii) They organized themselves and demanded reservation of seats in educational institutions so that they could be a part of the decision-making process. (iii) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar believed that it was only through political empowerment that the situations of the depressed classes could be made better. (iv) He tried to improve the condition of depressed classes. For that, he organized the Dalits an organization called ‘Depressed Classes Association’ in 1930. (v) He demanded separate electorate for Dalits at the Second Round Table Conference in Great Britain. (vi) Later on, Poona pact was signed by Mahatma Gandhi in which they secured seats for Dalits in the provincial and central legislative councils to be voted in general elections.Read more on Sarthaks.com - https://www.sarthaks.com/36252/what-solution-was-suggested-by-the-dalit-leaders-to-solve-the-problems-depressed-classes

What is your name?

There are four Vedas: the Rigveda, the Yajurveda, the Samaveda and the Atharvaveda

The Vedas are a collection of hymns and other ancient religious texts written in India between about 1500 and 1000 BCE. They are divided into four groups, Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, and Atharvaveda. 

Rigveda:  It is a collection of 1,028 Vedic Sanskrit hymns and 10,600 verses in all, organized into ten books.

Yajurveda: It consists of archaic prose mantras and also in part of verses borrowed from the Rig-Veda.

Samveda: It is the "Veda of chants" or "Knowledge of melodies". The name of this Veda is from the Sanskrit word saman which means a metrical hymn or song of praise.

Atharvaveda: It contains first-class poetry coming from visionary poets, much of it being a glorification of the curative powers of herbs and waters.

Tea and coffee are different in both taste and type of preparation. ... Coffee is grown mainly in Africa and tea is grown in the sub tropical climates. 5. Tea is extracted from leaves whereas coffee is prepared by fully grown coffee beans.

1. Tea and coffee are different in both taste and type of preparation.
2.Amount of caffeine is more in coffee than in tea.
3.Coffe is useful in asthama and Parkinsons disease whereas tea is useful for cancer and heart diseases.
4.Coffee is grown mainly in Africa and tea is grown in the sub tropical climates.
5.Tea is extracted from leaves whereas coffee is prepared by fully grown coffee beans.

the desire of a group of people who share the same race, culture, language, etc. to form an independent country

Nationalism refers to the feeling of oneness and common consciousness that emerges when people living in a common territory share the same historical, political and cultural backgrounds. People may be speaking different languages (as in case of India) but the love for their nation keeps them together. 

I think it's nationalism . Isn't it.?

pertaining to or characteristic of a people, especially a group (ethnic group) sharing a common and distinctive culture, religion, language, or the like. referring to the origin, classification, characteristics, etc., of such groups.

Ethnic means pertaining to or characteristic of a people, especially a group (ethnic group) sharing a common and distinctive culture, religion, language, or the like. It refers to the origin, classification, characteristics, etc., of such groups. Being a member of an ethnic group, especially of a group that is a minority within a larger society.

Example :

Sri Lanka has a diverse population. The Sinhalese community forms the majority of the population (74%) with Tamils (18%) who are mostly concentrated in the north and east of the island, forming the largest ethnic minority. Other communities include the Muslims. Among Tamils, there are two sub-groups. The Tamil natives of the country are called ‘Sri Lankan Tamils’ (13 %). The Tamils, who were brought as indentured labourers from India by British colonists to work on estate plantations are called the ‘Indian Origin Tamils’ (5%). Most of the Sinhala-speaking people are Buddhists, while most of the Tamils are Hindus or Muslims. There are about 7 per cent Christians, who are both Tamil and Sinhalese.

It depends, as Anderson said. Over the centuries nationalism has swung back and forth as a progressive and retrograde force, depending on historical conditions. In revolutionary France the “nation” started as a wrecking ball against feudalism and the church. Before the “nation” became defined by its limit of concern, it appeared to the Old Regime as terrifying in its limitlessness. Before the “nation” could be for anyone it had to be against specific someones: kings, priests and their enablers. Nationalism became a forest fire of fraternity that Napoleon wanted to control-burn through Europe in order to make fertile ground for the imposition of his uniform Code. Hegel believed this was a great leap for the world, but also witnessed its reversals: the way the Napoleonic armies provoked crude nationalist backlashes. He mocked the nationalist students around him determined to throw off the French yoke: “Liberation? Liberation from what? … If I ever see one liberated person with my own eyes, I shall fall to the ground and prostrate myself before him.” Despite later attempts to tar them as proto-totalitarians, the major early theorists of the “nation” were hardly blinkered chauvinists. (A telling slur, named for the apocryphal gung-ho soldier Nicolas Chauvin in Napoleon’s Grande Armée, the meaning of chauvinism evolved from indicating excessive national excitement to a more spiteful and hate-prone temperament.) Johann Gottfried Herder spoke of a cosmopolitan world of nations because he was worried that any attempt to iron out cultural difference between peoples would result in violent extinctions (though he didn’t seem to anticipate that nationalism itself would become the bulldozer of his beloved regional dialects). His idea of the Volksgeist as the unique spiritual endowment of each people would be appropriated in different ways by his successors. For Hegel’s contemporary, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, it was a genetic inheritance whose spurning meant cultural suicide; for others, like Hegel himself, it was the outcome of a state’s legal, political and cultural forces, not the cause. Giuseppe Mazzini, the most dogged nineteenth-century promoter of nationalism, believed nations had no pasts, only futures: they were collective stabs by peoples to engrave their aspirations in constitutions. “We have made Italy,” Massimo d’Azeglio famously declared. “Now we must make Italians.” For d’Azeglio, Mazzini and more earthy nationalists like Garibaldi, there was no sharp distinction between nationalism and internationalism: the two agendas shared a common universal aspiration. Garibaldi himself spread nationalism in Latin America, was invited by Lincoln to command the Union Army and served in three different national assemblies. In his eyes, the nationalist and the internationalist were mutually dependent.

I know this much only.?

Map activities:- 1. Important national movement took places. 2. Important Congress session. 3. India's major soil types. 4. Important dams of India.

Thanks Pranali so much

Thanks Pranali

In Belgium, leaders recognised the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities. The Belgian government accommodated its diverse ethnic population in the following manner: Constitution says that the number of Dutch and French speaking ministers shall be equal in the Central government.

In Belgium, leaders recognized the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities. The Belgian government accommodated its diverse ethnic population in the following manner: (i) Constitution says that the number of Dutch and French speaking ministers shall be equal in the Central government. Thus, no single community can make decisions unilaterally. (ii) Many powers of the Central Government have been given to the state governments, of the two regions of the country. The state governments are not subordinate to the Central government. (iii) Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation. (iv) There is a third kind of government, called the 'community government'. This government is elected by the people belonging to one language community-Dutch, French and German speaking, no matter where they live. This government has the power relating cultural education and language related issues. These arrangements helped to avoid a civic strife between the two major communities and a possible division of the country on linguistic lines.

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Belgium1.They adopted a policy of power sharing. 2. They gave equal powers to all communities.. minor or major doesn’t matter3.It solved the problem.  SriLanka1)They adopted a policy of Majoritarioism.2) They gave preferences to the majority Sinhala group alone, disregarding the minority3). It only increased the problem SIMILARITIES 1. both had ethnic problems.2. both are democratic now.3. both of them had a very small population ..... 4.Both of the countries had problems within different communities....5.which leads to civil war.

SIMILARITIES:

1. Both the countries have complex ethnic composition.
2. Both the countries have conflict due to majoritarianism.
3. Both the countries have disputes due to language.

DIFFERENCES:

1. In Belgium, the leaders have realised the respecting the feelings and interests of other communities.But Sri Lanka shows its contrasting.
2. In Sri Lanka, due those conflicts a civil war had started.But in Belgium no such had happened.
3. At last ,Belgium leaders have realised the importance of power sharing and unity.But Sri Lankan leaders could not.

Thanks Pranali to vidhu

Community government is elected by people belonging to one language community—Dutch, French and German speaking, no matter where they live. This government has the power relating to culture, education and language issues. This kind of government helped to avoid civic strife between the two major communities.

Belgium amended it's Constitution 4 times Community government is made by the representatives of linguistic groups and it is respownsible for issues like culture, education, language.

• Community government is elected by people belonging to one language community—Dutch, French and German speaking, no matter where they live.
• This government has the power relating to culture, education and language issues.
• This kind of government helped to avoid civic strife between the two major communities.