In the mid-1800s, nationalist feelings were strong and engraved in the hearts of the middle-class Germans. They all came united in 1848 to create a nation-state out of the numerous German States. But the monarchy and the military members got together to repress them and they gained support from the landowners of Prussia (the Junkers) as well. Prussia then became the leader of the German unification movement. Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck at that time was the architect of the process with support from the Prussian army and Prussian bureaucracy.

Process of unification of German

• Nationalist sentiments were often organised by conservatives for promoting state power and achieving political domination over Europe. This can be noted in the process by which Germany and Italy came to be unified as nation-states
• Middle-class Germans tried to unite the different regions of German Confederation, but their plans were not took place due to actions of large landowners called Junkers of Prussia.
• The unification process was concluded after Prussia won wars with Austria, Denmark, and France over seven years time.
• In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was indicated the German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles. Three wars over the span of seven years with Austria, Denmark and France ended in a Prussian victory. In Jan 1871, Prussian King William I was proclaimed German emperor.
• More importance was given to modernising the currency, banking, legal and judicial systems in Germany.

Nationalist feeling were widerspread amoung the middle class germans,

Yes

http://cbseacademic.nic.in/curriculum_2021.html Go on the above link and select Social Studies

Okk, the following things are must if u want to score 90+ in ss are - 1. Just focus on NCERT book. 2. Now a new pattern has been started which includes MCQ and to attempt MCQ you have to study each and every line of the chapter. 3. Revise the maps properly. 4. Solve sample paper provided by CBSE. 5. Solve paper of 2019-2020 session to know about pattern of the exam.

I find History and Civics difficult but this year I want to score good marks so can pls tell me some tips. ??

I want to score above 90 in Social Studies. Can u pls tell me how can I score above 90

Tell me how many marks do you want to score in social science than I will tell you how to score...

Just focus on NCERT. Understand all the concepts of social science.

India a federal country because of the following reasons:

• There are levels of governments—Central Government, State Government and Local Government.
• Each level of government administers over the same region, but they have their own jurisdiction in matters of administration, taxation and legislation.
• The Government at each level derives its power from the Constitution of the country. Thus, the Central Government cannot easily dilute the powers of the State or Local Governments.
• The basic principles of the Constitution and the rights given to the people cannot be changed by only one tier of the Government. It requires the consent of governments at both levels.
• Both levels of the Government can collect taxes from the people according to the guidelines of the Constitution of the country.
• The Indian Constitution contains three lists which contain subjects in which the Union and the State Governments may form laws. Only central government can make laws in the Union List and state government in the state list. Subjects related to the interests of both Central and State Governments are included in the concurrent list.

The political conditions of Europe as follows : (i) The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe.
(ii) In most countries, there were more job seekers than employment. Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.
(iii) Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine made goods from England, where industrialisation was more advanced than on the continent.
(iv) In these regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.
(v) The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country.

Nationalism means feeling of oneness among the people of a territory. It means to come together to create a sense of collective belonging

Nationalism - Nationalism is a desire of a group of people who share the same race, culture, language,etc. to form an independent country. The French Revolution helped introduce Nationalism in Europe, for it changed France's entire system of government defined, citizens' rights,and developed a set of National symbols. Napoleon unfined a law with1804 Napoleonic code

After unification, Bismark accepted a constitution that would unite the German states in a federal form of government. The federal government controlled common matters including national defense, foreign affairs, and commerce, while local state rulers handled education, law enforcement, and local taxation. Reunification of East and West Germany major in Central Europe and with that came new international responsibilities. These included a new commitment to democracy, human rights, and an end to racism.

Don't learn resource because it will not come in exam leave resource chapter

Resource: Anything which can be used for satisfying the human needs is called a resource.

Resources can be classified on different bases; into following types:

• On the basis of origin: Biotic and Abiotic
• On the basis of exhaustibility: Renewable and Non-renewable
• On the basis of ownership: Individual, community, national and international
• On the basis of status of development: Potential, Developed, Stock and Reserves

Classification of resources  1. on the basis of origin 2. on the basis of exhaustibility 3. on the basis on of ownership 4. on the basis of development

TECHNOLOGICALLY ACCESSIBLE MEANS THE TECHNOLOGY NEEDED TO USE THE RESOURCE MUST BE AVAILABLE SO THAT WE CAN EXTRACT IT AND MAKE PROPER USE OF IT. ECONOMICALLY FEASIBLE MEANS WE MUST HAVE ENOUGH MONEY TO EXTRACT IT AND USE IT. CULTURALLY ACCEPTABLE MEANS IT MUST BE ACCEPTED BY THE PEOPLE, IT MUST NOT DISTURB OR HURT THEIR SENTIMENTS, CULTURE, SURROUNDING, HOME, ETC

A central government is the government that is a controlling power over a unitary state. Always equivalent in a federation is the federal government, which may have distinct powers at various levels authorized or delegated to it by its federated states, though the adjective 'central' is sometimes also used to describe it.[1] The structure of central governments vary. Many countries have created autonomous regions by delegating powers from the central government to governments on subnational level, such as regional, state, provincial, local and other instances. Based on a broad definition of a basic political system, there are two or more levels of government that exist within an established territory and government through common institutions with overlapping or shared powers as prescribed by a constitution or other law. Common responsibilities of this level of government which are not granted to lower levels are maintaining national security and exercising international diplomacy, including the right to sign binding treaties. Basically, the central government has the power to make laws for the whole country, in contrast with local governments. The difference between a central government and a federal government is that the autonomous status of self-governing regions exists by the sufferance of the central government and are often created through a process of devolution. As such they may be unilaterally revoked with a simple change in the law. An example of this was done in 1973 when the Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973 abolished the government of Northern Ireland which had been created under the Government of Ireland Act 1920. It is common for a federal government to be brought into being by agreement between a number of formally independent states and therefore its powers to affect the status of the balance of powers is significantly smaller (i.e. the United States). Thus federal governments are often established voluntarily from 'below' whereas devolution grants self-government from above

Language played an important role in Poland in developing nationalist sentiments. After Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Rusian language was imposed everywhere. In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed. Following this, many members of the clergy in poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance.

Polish was used for church gathering and all religious instruction. As a result, a large number of priest and bishops were put in jail or sent to Siberia by the Russian authorities as punishment for their refusal to preach in Russian. The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian Dominance.

Liberal Nationalism stood for many things- individual freedom, equality before the law, representative government & constitution as well as the inviolability of private property. Liberal Nationalists in the economic sphere:

1. Liberalism stood for freedom of markets. They wanted to remove all restrictions of state on the movement of goods and capital.

2. Napoleon's regime had created different currencies, weights, measures and customs duties for each state. Liberalists wanted a unified economic territory.

3. A customs union from Prussia that was joined by many German states removed all tariffs and reduced the currencies from thirty to two.

4. The economic nationalism and unification further contributed to the nationalist sentiments.

‘Pama Dabi’ or ‘Koman’ or Bringa’ in Orissa

It is a type of slash and burn agriculture practiced in the region of odisha it is also known as bringa in odisha

It is a ‘slash and burn’ agriculture. Farmers clear a patch of land and produce cereals and other food crops to sustain their family. When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation. This type of shifting allows Nature to replenish the fertility of the soil. through natural processes; land productivity in this type of agriculture is low as the farmer does not use fertilisers or other modern inputs. It is known by different names in different parts of the country

In Western and parts of Central Europe industrial production and trade grew. This led to the growth of towns where new commercial classes emerged. The existence of this new class was based on production for the market. New social groups came into existence. A working class population and a middle class (which was composed of industrialists, businessmen and professionals) made the new social groups. It was this class which shaped the ideas of national unity.

In Western and parts of Central Europe industrial production and trade grew. This led to the growth of towns where new commercial classes emerged. The existence of this new class was based on production for the market. New social groups came into existence. A working class population and a middle class (which was composed of industrialists, businessmen and professionals) made the new social groups. It was this class which shaped the ideas of national unity.

Key features of federalism:

• There are two or more levels of government.
• Different tiers of government govern the same citizens, but each tier has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration.
• The jurisdictions are specified in the constitution. So the existence and authority of each tier of government is constitutionally guaranteed.
• The fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of government. Such changes require the consent of both the levels of government.
• Courts have the power to interpret the constitution and the powers of different levels of government.
• Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified to ensure its financial autonomy.
• The federal system thus has dual objectives;

1. To safeguard and
2. Promote unity of the country

Resource planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources. Resource planning involves identification and inventory of resources;evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology & skill;matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans. If we use resources judiciously and in a sustainable manner then resources can be kept for the coming(future) generation also. And this can be done by having a well planned plan

1. Growth is termed as a physical change, where as development is said to be physical as well as social or psychological change.
2. While growth is related to quantitative improvement, development is related to quantitative as well as qualitative improvement
3. When the term growth is related to living beings, it can mean the increase in weight, height and bone seize. On the other hand, development is the process of developing skills and capacities. It deals with the behavioural aspect of a living being.

• A society that has similar kinds of people, especially where there are no significant ethnic differences. For example, Germany and Sweden..
• A homogeneous society shares a common language, ethnicity and culture. Japan and South Korea are examples of homogeneous societies. Within these societies, the immigrant population is low.
• Japan’s homogeneous society points out, these societies have a strong sense of nationalism. With less cultural diversity, residents of Japan, like South Korea, share the same language, customs and traditions throughout.

 

Napoleon after establishing monarchy in France destroyed democracy but several measures were introduced by him in the administrative fields by the Napoleonic Code of 1804. It aimed at making the administrative system more efficient and rational. These were:

• The Napoleonic Code abolished all privileges based on birth and established the principles of equality before law and secured the right to property.
• Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
• In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed. Peasants, artisans and workers began to enjoy their freedom.
• Transport and communication systems were improved.
• Businessmen and small-scale producers realised the importance of having uniform laws, standardised weights and measures in the movement and exchange of goods from one region to another.

The civil code of 1804 was Known as Napoleonic code

1804

All the three sectors are highly interdependent on each other: 

(i) All that is produced in the primary sector is of no use until it undergoes a change into finished product which is not possible without transportation. 

(ii) Secondary sector is the manufacturing sector. To make these products and to sell them in the market, we need transportation. 

(iii) For moving from primary to secondary sector and further to the market, requires services of trades at different places and require many other services. For all this we cannot think of working without transportation.

1. Sole Proprietorship: Sole proprietorship refers to a form of business organization which is owned, managed and controlled by an individual who is the recipient of all profits and bearer of all risks.
2. Hindu Undivided Family Business: It refers to a form of organization wherein the business is owned and carried by the members of the Hindu Undivided Family (HUF).
3. Partnership: Partnership is the relation between persons who have agreed to share the profit of the business carried on by all or any one of them acting for all.
4. Cooperative Society: Cooperative society is a voluntary association of persons, who join together with the motive of welfare of the members.
5. Joint Stock Company: A company is an association of persons formed for carrying out business activities and has a legal status independent of its members.
6. Multinational Corporations: An MNC is a company whose business operations extend beyond the country in which it has been incorporated.

(i) Resources are function of human activities.
(ii) Human beings interact with-nature through technology, and create institutions to accelerate their economic development.
(iii) Human beings transfer materials available in our environment into resource, and use them.
(iv) For example, river is a natural endowment and it becomes resource when its water is used for irrigation or power production.

Established equality before law, Abolished all privileges based on birth, Granted the right to property to French citizens, Simplified administrative divisions, Abolished feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom, Removed restrictions on guilds in towns, Improved transport and communication.

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Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not allowed to leave their tea gardens without permission, which they were rarely given. When they heard of the Non-cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied authorities, left the plantations and headed home