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................................................................................................................................100........................................................................................................................... ... . 100 per cent. . ...... ........ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ .. . ................................................................................................................. ................................ ........ .... .. .................................................................................................................................. ........... ........................................... ..... . 9119 Nitin Nigam

Rich Peasantry Group—the patidar and jats demanded reduction in revenue and participated in the boycott program. Poor Peasantry Group—they wanted unpaid rent to be remitted, joined radical movement led by the socialist and communist. Business Class Group—prominent industrialist like Purushottam Das, G.D. Birla formed FICCI wanted protection against imports of foreign goods and rupee sterling exchange ratio and refused to sell imported goods. Working Class Group—Nagpur Workers adopted boycott of foreign goods, against low wages and poor working conditions. Women—participate in the protest marches, manufacturing of salt and boycotted foreign goods.

• Rich Peasantry Group—the patidar and jats demanded reduction in revenue and participated in the boycott program.
• Poor Peasantry Group—they wanted unpaid rent to be remitted, joined radical movement led by the socialist and communist.
• Business Class Group—prominent industrialist like Purushottam Das, G.D. Birla formed FICCI wanted protection against imports of foreign goods and rupee sterling exchange ratio and refused to sell imported goods.
• Working Class Group—Nagpur Workers adopted boycott of foreign goods, against low wages and poor working conditions.
• Women—participate in the protest marches, manufacturing of salt and boycotted foreign goods.

Sri Lanka is a small island in the Indian Ocean which is about 65,610 square km. ... Among the 99 % of ethnic composition of Sri Lanka, Sinhalese communities are major with 74% then are Tamils with 18% and finally include the Muslims. Rest 1% population includes Burghers, Parsis and Veddas.

Sri Lanka has a diverse population. The Sinhalese community forms the majority of the population (74%) with Tamils (18%) who are mostly concentrated in the north and east of the island, forming the largest ethnic minority. Other communities include the Muslims. Among Tamils, there are two sub-groups. The Tamil natives of the country are called ‘Sri Lankan Tamils’ (13 %). The Tamils, who were brought as indentured labourers from India by British colonists to work on estate plantations are called the ‘Indian Origin Tamils’ (5%). Most of the Sinhala-speaking people are Buddhists, while most of the Tamils are Hindus or Muslims. There are about 7 per cent Christians, who are both Tamil and Sinhalese.

Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka	Accommodation in Belgium
a. An island country comprising of Sinhala community who are in majority and Tamils who are minority.	A linguistically diverse country comprising of Dutch speaking, French speaking and the German speaking people.
b. The Sinhala community established its supremacy by pursuing the policy of Majoritarianism and by adopting various measures like  The Sri Lankan constitution which did not give recognition to the minority group and instead recognised Sinhala as the official language.	b. The political leadership recognised such differences and has modified the Constitution to accommodate diverse communities.
c. The Tamils there, have been deprived of their basic civil political rights and have been the victims of discrimination.	b. There is adequate representation of all the communities. For example there is equal representation at the central government of both French and Dutch representatives.
d. State policies also sought to give preference to the Sinhala community in terms of jobs and educational institutions.Tamils dominated regions have been deprived of autonomy.	Adequate sharing of power between the Centre and the states, with separate government at Brussels.
e. Policy of majoritarianism  has deteriorated relations between the two communities leading to ethnic conflict. There is a lack of power sharing between the two communities leading to civil war. Sri Lanka has witnessed rise of groups like LTTE.	There is a presence of community government. Power sharing arrangements in Belgium has lead to peace and stability in the region and prevented the outbreak of ethnic con

Zollverein

In 1834, a customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia. It was joined by most of the German States.
The aim of zollverein was to bind the Germans economically into a nation. The Union abolished the tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to only two.
It helped to awaken and raise national sentiment through a fusion of individual and provincial interests. The German people realised that a free economic system was the only means to engender national feeling.

Extensive Farming; Is defined by using more land with lower yield to produce the same amount of food. 

Intensive Farming; is defined by using less area of land, but have a large amount of fertilizers and machinery, as well as it requires large labor and capital inputs for farming.

Women everywhere are breaking the glass ceiling in politics but their voices still go unheard and their contributions are too often sidelined. In many places women are still seen as incapable of taking on responsibility in what are perceived as male-oriented areas, such as finance, energy, economic development, climate change, foreign affairs, defense, trade and infrastructure. This is often the case in parliaments where women are given ‘women’s only’ portfolios or only allowed to sit in women committees and are being pushed away from the other committees because of their gender. Not just parliaments but all levels of government need to adopt affirmative action measures and amend the internal rules so as to give preference to women over men (according to their capabilities) for decision-making positions (including ministerial positions, committee chairs and leadership positions in the Parliament Bureau) in cases, where qualifications are equal or commensurate with their representation in the government.

• The French Revolution is significant for the fact that it marked the end of the institution of absolute monarchy in France and saw the establishment of a Republic. Liberty, Equality and Fraternity, which had become the guiding principles of the French Revolution, also became the foundational values of the French Republic.
• The ideas of liberty, equality and fraternity and the establishment of democratic government helped in the spread of nationalism in other parts of the world. 
• The French Revolutionaries declared French as a common language of France, martyres were celebrated and oaths were taken on the name of the nation. 
• The formal royal standard was replaced by the French tricolour.

All the above measures helped in spreading nationalism not only in France but also in Europe. 

Hindu Mahasabha : during the end of 19th century, the congress was more devoted to Hindu Maha Shabha, that the people of other communities represented.
Wedge : there was a huge wedge between Hindu and the Muslims which depends everytime when communal clashes takes place.
Separate electorate : Muslims demanded separate electorates for themselves but were disregarded. Therefore during the national struggle call, they alienated themselves.
Minority : the Muslims were in minority and we're insecure.
Two nation theory : the Muslims thought that the Hindu and Muslims belonged to different nations.

Social movements among tribes aim at collective action to alter, reconstitute, reinterpret, restore and protect social structure, with a view to improve social, cultural, economic and political conditions of the tribal people. ... Some movements have asserted their tribal identity and political solidarity. Peasant movement is a social movement involved with the agricultural policy, which claims peasants rights. ... Early peasant movements were usually the result of stresses in the feudal and semi-feudal societies, and resulted in violent uprisings.

General Dryer to control the fire of increasing nationalism in India

General dter

General Dyer

it takes a time 12 to 18 month for sugarcane marure The period of sowing is January to march and the period of harvesting is December to march

Depending upon the variety and sowing time, it takes about 12 to 18 months  for sugarcane to mature. Generally, January to March is the period of sowing and December to March is the period of harvesting. 

How long does it take from the time sugar cane is planted until it is harvested That depends upon the weather and how much sugar you want in your cane. Generally, most varieties mature in about 10-14 months.

Options??

Where are the options? give options

Potential resources are the resources that have been identified but are not yet used due to the lack of availability of technology. The government do not have plans to use them them in near future, but if needed they can be developed and utilised.

• These are resources whose total quantity is not known.
• They are not being used at present.
• As technology improves their use in future is possible.
• Uranium found in Ladakh is an example of potential resources.

Reserves are the resources which have been identified and are entirely reserved for present and future use. 

• These are resources whose total quantity is known.
• They are being used at the present time.
• Available technology is used to use these resources.
• Rich deposits of coal in Rubr region of Germany is an example of actual resources

International resources means the resources which belong to all the countries of the world. Example: seas and oceans etc. International Resources are regulated by some International institutions. For instance, every country is given some rights over the oceans to a specific range. This range is called the ‘exclusive economic zone’, which is set to a distance of 200km. Beyond 200km, the oceanic resources are called open ocean and no country has a right over it without the permission of international institutions.

 

international resourcesmeans the resources which belong to all the countries of the world. example: water,seas and oceans etc. Oceanic resources beyond 200km of exclusive economic zone is internationaly ownedresources which is regulated by international institutions.

It was formed in order to into the functioning of the constitutional system of India and suggest certain changes. It was boycotted by Indians as the commission contained all British members only. There were no Indian members.

Commission*

The Simon Commition was formulated in order to amend or design the constitution of India.And it was boycotted by Indians because there was no any Indian member of this commition.

(i) Importance : Rubber is an important industrial raw material.
(ii) Geographical conditions : It is an equitable crop, which is grown in tropical and subtropical areas. It requires moist and humid climate with temperature above 25°C and rainfall above 200 cm.
(iii) Two rubber producing sates : It is mainly grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Garo hills of Meghalaya.

PRIMITIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING 1.In this type of farming, farmers use small patches of land with the help of primitive tools like home, dao and digging sticks. 2.Here farmers along with their families cultivate their land. 3.It is practised to meet the their family needs. 4.It depends upon monsoon and natural fertility of soil. COMMERCIAL FARMING 1. This type of farming is practised to produce profit. 2. In this modern farming methods are used like HYV seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides etc.

Oil seeds usually have two main uses: 

(i) They are used as a cooking medium as most of them are edible. For example, sunflower oil, coconut oil, etc. 

(ii) They are used for industrial purposes. For example, oil seeds are important raw materials for the production of soap, cosmetics, ointments, etc.

The groundnut production in Rajasthan was 1041.1 thousand tonnes in 2015-16. Other states are Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal and Telangana.

Geographical conditions required for the cultivation of pulses :
(i) Pulses need less moisture and survive even in dry conditions.
(ii) Temperature is required from 25°C to 30°C.
(iii) Pulses grow well in the areas of 50-75 cm rainfall.
(iv) These can be grown on all types of soil but dry light soil is the best suited.

Pulses are mostly grown in rotation with other crops because:

(i) Pulses need less moisture and survive even in dry conditions. 

(ii) Being leguminous crops, all these crops help in restoring soil fertility by fixing nitrogen from the air. 

(iii) Major pulse producing states are: Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.

Shaukat usamani , Muzafar Ahmed , etc.

Soil erosion is the process of removal top layer of soil.Common factors like wind ,water are also responsible for soil erosion. Water ? will coz erosion by breaking the force of attraction between the particles of soil.

Soil Erosion is the process that erodes, breaks or gradually diminishes things down. The process of erosion usually takes place on the surface of soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earth’s crust and with the help of the wind or water flow, it gets to settle down at another location.
Soil Erosion is one form of soil degradation. It occurs in almost all types of lands. Flowing water, rainwater, and the wind are the prime agents which cause a significant amount of soil loss each year. Too much of soil erosion causes serious loss of topsoil and also reduces crop production potential, lower surface water quality, and damaged drainage networks.

Removel of upper layer of soil is know as soil erosion . Running water have some potential force which leds to cut down of soil.

Belgium
1.They adopted a policy of power sharing.
2. They gave equal powers to all communities.. minor or major doesn’t matter
3.It solved the problem. 

SriLanka
1)They adopted a policy of Majoritarioism.
2) They gave preferences to the majority Sinhala group alone, disregarding the minority
3). It only increased the problem

 

Sinhalese

 

Majoritarianism is a belief according to which the majority community of a nation should frame rules in whichever way it wants, even if it results in disregarding and ignoring the wishes and needs of the minority communities.

After Sri Lanka became independent of the colonial rule in 1948, it had two major communities, the Sinhalese (74 per cent) and the Tamilians (18 per cent). As the Sinhalese were in majority, they elected themselves to power, introduced a series of majoritarian policies to ascertain the supremacy of their community. They appointed Sinhalese people to preferential positions in government and also made Sinhala as the only official language of the nation. Various government measures gradually increased the feeling of alienation among the Tamilians of Sri Lanka. This led to dissent among the Tamilian community, which with time strained the relations between the Sinhala and Tamil communities. The distrust between both the communities finally culminated into a Civil war, with Tamilians demanding the formation of independent Tamil state in northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka. This led to thousands of people being killed in the civil war.

Thus, the assertive policies of the majority community threatened the unity and integrity of the country.

An ethnic minority is a group of people who differ in race or color or in national, religious, or cultural origin from the dominant group — often the majority population — of the country in which they live.

PT only means Periodic Test only.

The theoretical aspect of this chapter will assessed in Periodic Tests and not in Board Examination. 

 

RBI which stands for reserve Bank of India
i).it checks that if the bank maintain the minium cash balance or not.

ii). it also check that if the banks not only give the loan to the profit making business man and rich trader but also to the small farmers, etc.

iii). banks have to give the report of how much interest they are giving to the depositors and how much interest they are charging to the borrowers.

Area that is covered with flora and fauna is called forested area

Kb??

Yes

No

SIT stands for the special investigation team. It is specially appointed under court order during urgent emergency situations.

Hell

Special investigation teams (hiii)??

Various factor led to the rise of Nationalism in Europe such as :- 1) Common race, language, religion,aims and aspirations. 2) Also common shared past and heritage gave rise to Nationalism in Europe. 3) The people were exploited by rulers, landlords,clergy,nobles etc . So they decided to protest. 4) It was through French revolution the first ideas of revolution was spread. 5) It spread revolutionary ideas like Liberty, Equality, Fraternity etc. Hope this answer helps you