Tea: Crows well in tropical and sub-tropical climates.

Soil type: Deep and fertile, well-drained soil, rich in humus and organic matters.

Climate: Warm and moist, frost-free climate throughout the year.

Rainfall: Frequent showers throughout the year.

Two states: Assam, West Bengal, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Andhra Pradesh, Meghalaya and Tripura.

(i) More and more land is used for construction of factories, warehouses and shelters which have reduced the land under cultivation. 

(ii) Soil gets degraded by the use of pesticides, fertilizers, over irrigation, etc., which leads to water logging and salinity.  

(iii) Today Indian farmers are facing a big challenge from international competition. 

(iv) Our government is reducing the public investment in agriculture, subsidy on fertilizers have decreased. 

(v) Reduction in import duties on agricultural products have proved detrimental to agriculture in the country.

(i) Three geographical conditions for the growth of rice: 

(a) It requires high temperature, (above 25°C). 

(b) Annual rainfall above 100 cm. 

(c) High humidity 

(ii) It is possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall with the help of irrigation in Punjab and Haryana.

(i) Land reforms: collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari.
(ii) Agricultural reforms: Green revolution and White revolution.
(iii) Land development programmes: Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone etc., establishment of Grameen banks, Cooperative societies and banks for providing loans.
(iv) Issuing of Kissan Credit Card and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme, etc.
(v) Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers on radio and TV.

Nationalism is an ideology that gives a nation a sense of unity by imposing on them the same set of identities (for instance linguistic, historical, cultural). Especially peculiar to nationalism is defining the nation against an Other inside or outside of the state borders.

 
Imperialism is the policy of extending political and economic control over a weak country by a powerful one.

The Justice Party, officially the South Indian Liberal Federation, was a political party in the Madras Presidency of British India. It was established on November 20, 1916 in Victoria Memorial Hall in Madras by Dr C. Natesa Mudaliar and co-founded by T. M. Nair and P. Theagaraya Chetty as a result of a series of non-Brahmin conferences and meetings in the presidency. Communal division between Brahmins and non-Brahmins began in the presidency during the late-19th and early-20th century, mainly due to caste prejudices and disproportionate Brahminical representation in government jobs. The Justice Party's foundation marked the culmination of several efforts to establish an organisation to represent the non-Brahmins in Madras and is seen as the start of the Dravidian Movement.

The British were able to take charge of India primarily because India was not unified. People involved in farming, textiles and other industries were the reason they survived,

• The British had signed negotiated treaties and made trade and military alliances with the independent states that made  up the country.
• Few people were workers with the British government, supported it and also got benefitted by it
• Many people vehemently opposed the British rule and also paid a heavy price. However, the did oppose the rule as -

1. People started to boycott the goods being exported. They burnt them out publically.
2. As a mark of protest people, also resigned from there seats as well as the government jobs.

The 1848 revolution of the liberals refers to the various national movements pioneered by educated middle classes alongside the revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving peasants and workers in Europe. While in countries like France, food shortages and widespread unemployment during 1848 led to popular uprisings, in other parts of Europe (such as Germany, Italy, Poland, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire), men and women of the liberal middle classes came together to voice their demands for the creation of nation-states based on parliamentary principles.

The 1848 revolution of the liberals refers to the various national movements pioneered by educated middle classes alongside the revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving peasants and workers in Europe. While in countries like France, food shortages and widespread unemployment during 1848 led to popular uprisings, in other parts of Europe (such as Germany, Italy, Poland, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire), men and women of the liberal middle classes came together to voice their demands for the creation of nation-states based on parliamentary principles. The political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals were:

•  Politically, they demanded constitutionalism with national unification, nation-state with a written constitution and parliamentary administration.
•  Socially, they wanted to rid society of its class-based partialities and birthrights. Serfdom and bonded labor had to be abolished.
•  Economically they demanded freedom of markets and right to property. The abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movements of goods and capital.

Barter System refers to the exchange of goods.

Double coincidence of wants is necessary for it.( double coincidence means that both the buyer and lender should be ready to purchase each other products)

Barter system is time consuming.Both the purchaser and lender had to express the value of their products in each others products.

Option (d) is correct answer
The Human HDI is a composite index of outcome indicators in three dimensions:
a. A long and healthy life as reflected in life expectancy at birth.
b. The acquisition of education and knowledge as reflected in the mean years of schooling (adjusted for out of school children) and literacy rate (age 7 years and above).
c. The standard of living and command over resources as reflected in the monthly per capita expenditure adjusted for inflation and inequality.

The positive impacts are as follows:

1.provides work
2.eliminates flooding
3.provides power
4.provides water for human consumption
5.helps to conserve water
6.provides water for agriculture
7.provides water for industrial uses
8.provides for a fishery where one may not have existed before
9.changes the ecology of the region
10.opens new areas to agriculture 

Negative impacts may include:

1.they lead to the displacement of human, plants, animals, chiefly from small tribal communities;
2.disrupt downstream fisheries;
3.increase the risk of earthquakes;
4.submerge forest land; increase the spread of insect-borne diseases; and
threaten the fragile regional ecosystem through reducing, the flow of water from the rivers into the seas.
5.These projects initially devastate human lives and biodiversity by inundating thousands of acres of forests and agricultural land.
6.They degrade the fertile agricultural soils due to continuous irrigation (rather the seasonal irrigation which is dependent on the monsoon), and salinization, making the soil toxic to many plant species.

2. The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardship or crisis in Europe.
The following are the arguments to support this statement :
(i) There was an enormous increase in population all over Europe. As a result unemployment became a common feature in most of the countries.
(ii) Migration of rural people to the cities further made the situation worse. Small scale producers in towns sometimes faced with stiff competition from rural areas where production was carried out mainly in homes or small workshops. These products imported from rural areas were obviously cheaper than the town-made products.
(iii) Due to population, the demand of foods increased. It led to the rise of food prices. This increased price along with a year of bond harvests led to widespread pauperism in town and country.

1. The 1848 revolution of the liberals refers to the discontent and various national movements pioneered by educated middle classes alongside the revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving peasants and workers in Europe. While in countries like France, food shortages and widespread unemployment during 1848 led to popular uprisings, in other parts of Europe (such as Germany, Italy, Poland and the Austro-Hungarian Empire), men and women of the liberal middle classes came together to voice their demands for the creation of nation-states based on parliamentary principles. The political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals were:

• Politically, they demanded constitutionalism with national unification, a nation-state with a written constitution and parliamentary administration. They wanted to establish individual freedom and equality before the law and equal political rights.
• Socially, they wanted to rid society of its class-based partialities and birthrights. Serfdom and bonded labour had to be abolished.The Issue of political rights to women also was a social issue. Liberal also stressed the inviolability of private property.
• Economically they demanded freedom of markets and right to property. Abolition of state imposed restrictions on the movements of goods and capital.

The development of nationalism in Europe was not only the result of war and territorial expansion.
Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation in Europe. The following examples state the fact
(i) Art, poetry, stories and music helped express and shape nationalist feelings in-Europe.
(ii) Romanticism, a cultural movement in Europe developed a particular form of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists and poets criticised the glorification of science and reason. They tried to create a sense of a shared collective heritage as the basis of a nation. They gave importance on emotions, intuitions and mystical feelings.
(iii) German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people (das volk) in their folk song, folk poetry and folk dances.
(iv) Vernacular languages and folklores strengthen the national spirit.
(v) In Poland Karol Kurpinski cekbrated the national struggle through opera and music.
(vi) Allegory of Germania and Marianne developed national feelings among citizens.

Count Camillo de Cavour was also known as Cavour, was the Chief Minister of Italy. He was not a democrat or a revolutionary but an Italian statesman who actively participated in Italian unification. He spoke French better than Italian. His contributions were:

• He was one of the individuals who fought for the unification of Italy. He took the initiative to unify the regions of Italy by inspiring people through his ideas.

• He introduced several economic reforms in his native place in Piedmont and Risorgimento was the political newspaper started by him.

• In 1859, Sardinia Piedmont successfully defeated the Austrian forces. This was possible because Count Camillo de Cavour formed the diplomatic alliance.

• With his diplomacy, he successfully made Piedmont a new great power in Europe.

• He practiced such policies which were adopted during post-Italy unification.

Multipurpose river valley projects are basically designed for the development of irrigation for agriculture and electricity through the construction of dams. Initially, dams were built only for storing rain water to prevent flooding but now it became multipurpose.

Multi-Purpose Projects: Merits and Demerits

• Irrigation Facility: Extension of irrigation facility is one of the important objectives and advantage of multipurpose projects. ...
• Flood Control: ...
• Generating Electricity: ...
• Navigation: ...
• Forests and Fisheries: ...
• Drinking Water: ...

The year 1848 was the year of food shortages and widespread unemployment. It brought the population of Paris on the roads. Barricades were erected and Louis Phillippe was forced to flee. A National Assembly proclaimed a Republic, granted suffrage to all adult males above the age of 21 and guaranteed the right to work. In France the revolutionary events ended the July Monarchy (1830–1848) and led to the creation of the French Second Republic. Following the overthrow of King Louis Philippe in February 1848, the elected government of the Second Republic ruled France. ... Louis Napoléon went on to become the de facto last French monarch.

The year 1848 was the year of food shortages and widespread unemployment. It brought the population of Paris on the roads. Barricades were erected and Louis Phillippe was forced to flee. A National Assembly proclaimed a Republic, granted suffrage to all adult males above the age of 21 and guaranteed the right to work. In France the revolutionary events ended the July Monarchy (1830–1848) and led to the creation of the French Second Republic. Following the overthrow of King Louis Philippe in February 1848, the elected government of the Second Republic ruled France. ... Louis Napoléon went on to become the de facto last French monarch.

Dr. B R Ambedkar, is known as the ‘Father of Indian Constitution.’ 

1. Popularly known as Baba Saheb. He was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly and is called the ‘Father of the Indian Constitution’.
2. He was a jurist and an economist. Born into a caste that was considered untouchable, he faced many injustices and discrimination in society. He was born in Mhow in the Central Provinces (modern-day Madhya Pradesh) to a Marathi family with roots in Ambadawe town of Ratnagiri, Maharashtra.
3. He was a brilliant student and had doctoral degrees in economics from Columbia University and the London School of Economics.
4. Ambedkar was against the caste-based discriminations in society and advocated the Dalits to organise and demand their rights.

The Simon Commission was a group of 7 MPs from Britain who was sent to India in 1928 to study constitutional reforms and make recommendations to the government. The Commission was originally named the Indian Statutory Commission. It came to be known as the Simon Commission after its chairman Sir John Simon

Transparency ensures that any person belonging to a certain democratic nation has the right (RTI) to investigate or instigate whether the government has the right or not to follow legislation, plans, acts, policies or decisions and if or not they beneficial to  them.

Democracy and the economic outcomes

• Slow economic development and economic growth due to population
• Basic needs of life, such as food, clothing, shelter are difficult to make
• Prevalence of Economic Inequalities
• Poverty is still a big issue
• Allocation of resources in few hands
• Unjust distribution of goods and opportunities

During the middle of 19th century, Italy was divided into 7 states.

The Sardinia Piedmont was the only region ruled by Italian prince.
The north was ruled by Austrian Habsburg.
The centre was called Papal states as it was ruled by Pope.
The south was ruled by Bourbon kings of Spain

• Marquis de Lafayette is known as the hero of two worlds.
• This man has recently been in the news too much.
• This man was an awkward provincial, unsuited for the life of a courtier.
• The life which he thought or wanted for himself was a life of military glory.