Dravidian race

• Dravidians came to India before the Aryans. They spoke Dravidian language.
• They were the inhabitants of the Mohen-jo-daro culture. The Dravidians worshipped the mother as a ‘goddess’ and Shiva as a ‘God’.
•  The tradition of worshiping with incense stick, lamp and ‘aarti’ are considered as the greatest gifts of the Aryans.
• They had matriarchal system of family and they were perfect in the art of weaving, spinning, dyeing and arts.
• After the Aryans settled in north India, the Dravidians shifted to North India. Toady they speak Dravidian- family languages like Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malyalam.

The Aryans

• According to most historians, the Aryans came into India in around 1500 BCE from central Asia. They were war-like people.
• The Aryans worshipped the relief features and the forces of nature like trees, rivers, mountains, Sun, wind and rain. They composed hymns for praying various natural elements.
• The Nordic Aryans were the creator of the Indian culture.

Frederic sorrieu visualised his dream of a world made up of a democritic and social republics and prepared a series of four print
In the frist print peoples of errope and america are shown marching and paying homage to the statue of liberty
The statue of liberty is personified as a female figure who bears the torch of enlightenment in one hand and the character of rights of man in other hand
In utopian views of sorrieu peoples of world are differentiated through this flags and national costume.

(i) On January 31st, 1930, Gandhi wrote a long letter to the Viceroy, communicating his decision to start the Civil Disobedience Movement.
(ii) On 12th March, Mahatma Gandhi began his historic march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, a village on the Gujarat sea-coast.
(iii) He was accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers, but as Gandhiji advanced, others joined the party.
(iv) On the morning of 6th April, Gandhiji violated the salt laws by picking up some salt from the sea water. Gandhiji’s campaign against the salt laws was a signal to disobey the Government laws.
The Programme of the Movement: The Civil Disobedience campaign involved defiance of salt laws, boycott of liquor, boycott of foreign cloth and British goods of all kinds.

Advantages of Globalisation
(i) Globalisation has resulted in greater competition among producers-both local and foreign. This has improved the quality of products and lowered the prices.
(ii) A wider variety of goods are available in the market for consumers.
Disadvantages of Globalisation
(i) For a large number of small producers, globalisation has posed major problems. These producers were not able to free the competition from large foreign producers and hence several of such production units had to shut down, rendering workers jobless.
(ii) Workers in MNCs are employed on* temporary basis . and laid off without any compensation during the slack period.

The Khilafat Movement was launched by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement. At the Calcutta Session of the Congress in September 1920, he convinced other leaders to start a Non-Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat Movement.
The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924), was a pan-Islamic, political protest campaign launched by Muslims in British India to influence the British Government and to protect the Ottoman empire during the aftermath of First World War. The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey.
There was a fear that the power of the spiritual head of the Islamic world (Khalifa) would be curtailed. To defend his power, a Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in 1919. The Khilafat leaders put pressure . upon the British Government to give better treatment to Turkey.

(i) The decision-making process in democracy is delayed.

 (ii) Democracies often frustrate the needs of the people.

 (iii) It often ignore the demands of majority of its population.

 (iv) The routine tales of corruption associated with it. 

(v) Most democracies fall short of elections that provide fair chance to everyone and in subjecting every decision to public debate.

In modern democracies, power sharing can take many forms, as mentioned below:

1. Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. This is called horizontal distribution of power because it allows different organs of government placed at the same level to exercise different powers. Such separation ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power. Each organ checks the others. This arrangement is called a system of checks and balances.
2. Power can be shared among governments at different levels – a general government for the entire country and governments at the provincial or regional level which is called federal government.
3. Power may also be shared among different social groups such as the religious and linguistic groups. ‘Community government’ in Belgium is a good example of this arrangement. This method is used to give minority communities a fair share in power.
4. Power sharing arrangements can also be seen in the way political parties, pressure groups and movements control or influence those in power. When two or more parties form an alliance to contest elections and if they get elected, they form a coalition government and thus share power.

(i) Indian Agriculture is mainly of intensive subsistence type.

(ii) It is mainly practised in areas of high population pressure on land.

(iii) It is labour intensive farming where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining high yields.

(iv) Farmers continue to take maximum output from the limited land with absence of alternate source of livelihood which leads to enormous pressure on agricultural land.

(v) The right of inheritance has led to division of land among successive generations and rendered the size of land holding uneconomical.

Marianne was the female allegory who represented France. 

Her characteristics were drawn from: 

(i) Those of liberty and republic. 

(ii) These were the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade. 

(iii) Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares. 

(iv) Her images were marked on coins and stamps of 1850.

The tertiary sector is different from the other two sectors because the other sectors produce goods but this sector does not produce goods by itself. Instead, the tertiary sector activities help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors. These activities are an aid or support for the production process, e.g., transport, communication, storage, banking, insurance, trade activities etc. For this reason this sector is also known as service sector.  

(i) Organs of the government: Legislature, executive and judiciary are the three organs of the government. Legislature is responsible for making laws, executive organ is responsible for execution or implementation the laws whereas judiciary is there to provide justice to the people or to solve the disputes.
(ii) Power sharing: In India the Union Parliament, i.e., the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha makes laws whereas various ministers and government officials are responsible for the execution of the laws. These ministers are not independent but they are responsible or answerable to the Parliament or State Assemblies. Similarly, although judges are appointed by the executive, they can check the functioning of executive or laws made by the legislatures. This arrangement is called a system of checks and balances.

Alluri Sitaram Raju was the tribal peasant’s leader in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh. He claimed that he had a variety of special powers. He could make correct astrological predictions and heal people and he could survive even bullet shorts.
Role:

• Raju talked of the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi.

• Raju was inspired by the Non-Cooperation Movement.
• He persuaded people to wear khadi and gave up drinking.
• But at the same time, he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force, not by non-violence.
• The Gudem rebels attacked police station, attempted to kill British officials and carried
  on guerrilla warfare for achieving Swaraj.

The history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe because:

• In Britain the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution.
• The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones - such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish.
• The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the 'United Kingdom of Great Britain' meant that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland. Scotland's distinctive culture and political institutions were systematically suppressed.
• The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland.
• The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to establish their dominance over a largely Catholic country. Catholic revolts against British dominance were suppressed. Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801.
• The symbols of the new Britain - the British flag, the national anthem, the English language were actively promoted and the older nations survived only as subordinate partners in this union.

The history of nationalism in Britain was unlike that in the rest of Europe in the sense that it was forced down upon the masses. There was no concept of a British nation prior to the eighteenth century. The region was in fact inhabited by different ethnic groups (English, Welsh, Scot, Irish).

The Supreme Court have the power to interpret the Constitution, and the powers of different levels of the government. The Supreme court acts as an umpire in case of disputes arising between different levels of the government in the exercise of their respective powers of dual objectives. If there is any disputes between the Centre and the State government, Supreme Court plays very important role as middle man to resolve that disputes.

The distribution of resources is controlled by the government.

Explanation:

Under the mixed economy, resource allocation primarily is done by government and it plays a main role in the distribution of income and resources.

Mixed economy is an economic system in which both government and free-market have a significant role. The private sector may be different in a mixed economy where the allocation of resources is done by market forces as well. But the government pays a major role in the mixed economy.

   (i) A well-known pioneer of mass production was the car manufacturer, 'Henry Ford'. (ii) He adopted an assembly line technique of a slaughter house. (iii) He realized that the 'assembly line' method would allow a faster and cheaper way of producing vehicles. (iv) This method forced workers to repeat a single task mechanically and continuously. (v) This was a way of increasing the output per worker by speeding up the pace of work. (vi) At first, workers were unable to cope with the load of work but Henry Ford doubled the daily wages. (vii) This doubling of daily wages was considered 'best cost-cutting decision' he had ever made. (viii) Later, this system of mass production was followed by many other countries. In the US, with this system, car production rose from 2 millions to above 5 millions.

Indian National Congress (INC): This is popularly known as the Congress Party. This is one of the oldest parties of the world and was founded in 1885. The Congress Party had played a dominant role in Indian politics at the national and state level for several decades after India’s Independence. Since the first general elections in 1952, the Congress party had been in power continuously till 1977. After that, it came back to power in 1980 and remained till 1989. The Congress Party once again came back to power in 1991 for another five years. Congress Party came back in power in 2004 and completed two terms in office, i.e. ten years.

Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country.

Features of Federalism

• There are two or more levels of government.

• Different tiers of government govern the same citizens, but each government have power independent of the other.

• The fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be changed by one level of government.

• The judiciary prevents conflict between centre and regional government in the exercise of their powers.

• Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified to ensure its financial autonomy.

UNDER globalisation, particularly after 1990, the farmers in India have been exposed to new challenges. Despite being an important producer of rice, cotton, rubber, tea, coffee and spices our agricultural products are not able to compete with the developed countries because of the highly subsidised agriculture in those countries. Today, Indian agriculture finds itself at the cross roads. To make agriculture successful and profitable, proper thrust should be given to the improvement of the condition of marginal and small farmers.