1. Among different organs 2. Among different levels of government 3. Among social groups 4. Among political parties, movements and pressure groups

The power is shared among the different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. Example: The distribution of power between Indian Parliament (legislature), the council of ministers headed by chief ministers (executive) and Courts of India. There are different forms of power-sharing in modern democracies. These are given below: Horizontal distribution of power – Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. Example – India.

The 1848 revolution of the liberals refers to the various national movements pioneered by educated middle classes alongside the revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving peasants and workers in Europe. While in countries like France, food shortages and widespread unemployment during 1848 led to popular uprisings, in other parts of Europe (such as Germany, Italy, Poland, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire), men and women of the liberal middle classes came together to voice their demands for the creation of nation-states based on parliamentary principles. The political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals were:  Politically, they demanded constitutionalism with national unification, nation-state with a written constitution and parliamentary administration.  Socially, they wanted to rid society of its class-based partialities and birthrights. Serfdom and bonded labor had to be abolished.  Economically they demanded freedom of markets and right to property. The abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movements of goods and capital.

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National income=The sum total of all goods and services produced within a country during a period of one year plus net income from abroad is called national income. Per capita income=The total income divided by the total population is called per capita income.

 

Three efforts made by gandhiji to get harijans their right were:

• Gandhi organised satyagraha to secure the entry of the dalits into temples, and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools
• He himself cleaned toilets to dignify the work of the 'bhangi' (the sweepers),
• He tried persuading upper castes to change their heart and give up ‘the sin of untouchability’. He even wrote articles in journals criticising the caste system.

The spreading of nationalism took place due to following factors :

(i) United Struggle Different religious groups and communities unitedly struggled against the British rule.

(ii) Cultural Processes Unity spread through various cultural processes like history, folklore. songs and symbols that helped in spread of nationalism.

(iii) Common Identity The painting of ‘Bharat Mata’ was commonly identified as motherland and affected
the people equally.

(iv) Revival of India Folklore Reviving the folklore through folk songs, legends helped in promoting traditional culture and restore a sense of pride in the past history and culture.

(v) Role of the Leaders Leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru aroused the feelings of
nationalism through their motivational speeches and political activities.

This movement was launched by gandhiji in 1920.It was a non- violent struggle against the British government. It aims were to redress the wrong done to Punjab and Turkey and the attainment of swaraj.

The Non-Cooperation Movement was a significant phase of the Indian independence movement from British rule. It was led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi after the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

 

Non cooperation movement was a mass movement which was launched by Gandhi in 1920. It was a peaceful and a non-violent protest against the British government in India. 

Programmes of the Non Cooperation movement were:

• Indians were asked to relinquish their titles and resign from nominated seats in the local bodies as a mark of protest.
• People had to resign from their government jobs.
• People were asked to withdraw their children from government-controlled or aided schools and colleges.
• People had to boycott foreign goods and use only Indian-made goods.

The main aim of the Non Cooperation movement was the demand of 'Swaraj' or the self government. 

write a short note on good pratices towards conserving forest and wildlife

 In the conservation of forests and wildlife many good practices have been evolved over the years which are social-cultural on one hand and legal on the other hand such as,

1. Worshipping of many sacred trees.

2. Worshipping of many sacred animals because of their ecological importance.

3. Use of flora and fauna in religious functions.

4. Making of National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuary and Bio-Reserves to protect endangered species of plants and animals.

5. Implementing laws / acts to forbid killing and cutting of trees, make such acts punishable etc.

6. Involving mass media to highlight problems associated with environmental degradation.

7. Running community awareness programmes such as Vanmahotsav etc. from time to time.

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Non cooperation movement was a mass movement which was launched by Gandhi in 1920. It was a peaceful and a non-violent protest against the British government in India. 

Programmes of the Non Cooperation movement were:

• Indians were asked to relinquish their titles and resign from nominated seats in the local bodies as a mark of protest.
• People had to resign from their government jobs.
• People were asked to withdraw their children from government-controlled or aided schools and colleges.
• People had to boycott foreign goods and use only Indian-made goods.

The main aim of the Non Cooperation movement was the demand of 'Swaraj' or the self government. 

It was a pact which was signed between gandhiji and Dr. BR.Ambedkar . The pact gave the depressed classes reserved seats in provincial and central legislative council.

The Poona Pact refers to an agreement between B. R. Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi on behalf of depressed classes and caste Hindu leaders on the reservation of electoral seats for the depressed classes in the legislature of British India government. Contrary to popular belief, Mahatma Gandhi was not involved in signing the pact. It was made on 24 September 1932 at Yerwada Central Jail in Pune, India. It was signed by B.R Ambedkar on behalf of the depressed classes and Madan Mohan Malviya on behalf of the Caste Hindus as a means to end the fast that Gandhi was undertaking in jail as a protest against the decision by British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald to give separate electorates to depressed classes for the election of members of provincial legislative assemblies in British India. They finally agreed upon 148 electoral seats.

The impact of globalization on Indian agriculture has been felt since colonial times. 

<div>Raw cotton and spices were important export items from India. In 1917, Indian farmers revolted in Champaran against being forced to grow indigo in place of food grains, in order to supply dye to Britain's flourishing textile industry. Thus, globalisation has had its boons and banes for Indian agriculture.

Post liberalization, Indian farmers face new challenges in the form of competition from highly subsidized agriculture of developed nations. This prompts the need for making Indian agriculture successful and profitable by improving the conditions of small and marginal farmers, countering the negative effects of Green Revolution, developing and promoting organic farming, and diversifying cropping pattern from cereals to high-value crops. 

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5th March 1931

In 1931

In the year 1931

The pact which was signed between Gandhiji and Lord Irwin on 5th March 1931. Under this pact Gandhiji consented to participate in a Round Table Conference in London whereas government agreed to release all the political prisoners.

In a democracy, the three organs of the government namely executive, legislature and judiciary perform different functions. The powers of all the three organs are separated so that no organ becomes too powerful and is able to keep a check on the other organs. For example, even though ministers and government officials exercise power, they are held responsible to the Parliament or the State Assemblies. Likewise, although judges are appointed by the executive branch of the government, they have the authority to check the functioning of the executive or legislations passed by the legislature. This arrangement is called the system of checks and balances.

Right to Be Informed: A consumer has the right to have correct information about a product. There are rules which make it mandatory to mention ingredients and safety features on the pack of a product. Proper information helps a consumer to make informed buying decision. A pack of a product also needs to mention the MRP (Maximum Retail Price) and a consumer can complain if the seller asks for more than the MRP.

Right to Choose: A consumer has the right to choose from different options. A seller cannot just offer to sell only one brand to the consumer. The seller has to offer various options to the consumer. This right is usually enforced through laws against monopoly trade.

Right to Seek Redressal: If a consumer gets affected by false promises made by the producer or suffers because of manufacturing defect; he has the right to seek redressal. Suppose you took a mobile connection and the bill shows many hidden charges which were not explained to you earlier. Or the mobile company activated a ringtone without your permission. Then you can go to the consumer court to put your case.

Consumer Protection Act 1986, a major step taken in 1986 by the Indian government was the enactment of the consumer protection act popularly known as COPRA.

1) It applies to all goods and services .

2) It covers all sectors that is private public and cooperative .

3) It gives rise to consumers . Established Consumer Protection councils at centre and state levels .

Under COPRA , three tier quasi-judicial machinery at district, state and national levels was set up for redressal of consumer disputes . The act has enabled the consumers to have the right to represent in the consumer courts the enactment of COPRA has led to the setting up of separate departments of consumer affairs in Central and state governments .

The rationale behind the enactment of Consumer Protection Act (COPRA) 1986 was to set up separate departments of Consumer Affairs in central and state governments to safeguard the interests of the consumers and to grant them the right to seek redressal against unfair trade practices and exploitation.

The cause of the Silesian weaver's uprising was the cheating of the weavers by the contractors. In 1845, the weavers raised a revolt against the contractors who used to supply them raw material to weave textiles in finished form. The contractors drastically reduced their payments. The viewpoint of the journalist Wilhelm Wolft for this uprising was as fellows- Weaver's crowd reached the house of the contractor and demanded higher wages. They were not treated well, so a group of the crowd entered the contractors house forcibly and destroyed the furniture, window panes, plundered it. This shows that the viewpoint of the journalist was biased against the weavers and in favour of the contractor. On the other hand, the journalist did not understand the root cause of the uprising. He did not understand the poverty of weavers.  

• It is a major industry in India as it directly and indirectly supports more than 40% of country's labour force.
• The cotton textile industry is one of the most widely distributed industries in India.
• It brings valuable foreign exchange into the country as India is one of the largest exporter of cotton textiles in the world.
• It is an agro based industry because it uses an agricultural product- cotton as its main raw material.

Cotton plays an important role in the Indian economy as the country's textile industry is predominantly cotton based. India is one of the largest producers as well as exporters of cotton yarn. The textile industry is also expected to reach US$ 223 billion by the year 2021. The states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Punjab are the major cotton producers in India.

Cotton plays an important role in the Indian economy as the country's textile industry is predominantly cotton based. India is one of the largest producers as well as exporters of cotton yarn. The textile industry is also expected to reach US$ 223 billion by the year 2021.

Literacy is important for the economic development this is because of the following reasons: 1. Help to make the people employed as it helps an individual to be an assest for the economy rather than liability. 2. It may help the country to chose its representatives as it 'll help the person to take desicions on any matter seriously. 3. Gives confidence to the person to make it own desicions on any matter. 4. Help a person to stand upright and can present his/ her views in front of others. Read more on Brainly.in - https://brainly.in/question/3815691#readmore

1.they will make better human resource.
2.they will make better use of the resouces available
3.they will work at high posts
4.they contribute to a healty society
5.they do well and earn more than uneducated thus contribute more to the national income

(i) Sri Lankan Tamils launched parties and struggles for the recognition of Tamil as the official language.
(ii) They also made efforts for regional autonomy and equality of opportunity in securing education and jobs.
(iii) Several political organizations were formed demanding an independent Tamil Eelam (state) in northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka.

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistic composite index of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.

In 1990 the first Human Development Report introduced a new approach for advancing human wellbeing. Human development – or the human development approach - is about expanding the richness of human life, rather than simply the richness of the economy in which human beings live. It is an approach that is focused on people and their opportunities and choices.

I also wants to know the important question from nationalism in India

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Proto-industrialisation is the phase of industrialisation that was not based on the factory system. Before the coming of factories, there was large-scale industrial production for international market. However, the pace of this production was not on the level as seen during the industrial revolution. This part of industrial history is known as proto-industrialisation.

20 jan 1948

30 January 1948 he was shot by Nathuram godse

30 January 1948

• On 20 January 1948, an attempt was made on his life there by the same group who would later assassinate him.
• Ten days later, on 30 January, Nathuram Godse shot to death the 78-year old Gandhi at point-blank range firing 3 bullets into his chest.

The Bourbon Restoration was the period of French history following the fall of Napoleon in 1814 until the July Revolution of 1830.

After Napoleon abdicated as emperor in March 1814, Louis XVIII, the brother of Louis XVI, was installed as king and France was granted a quite generous peace settlement, restored to its 1792 boundaries and not required to pay war indemnity.

On becoming king, Louis issued a constitution known as the Charter which preserved many of the liberties won during the French Revolution and provided for a parliament composed of an elected Chamber of Deputies and a Chamber of Peers that was nominated by the king.

A constitution, the Charter of 1814, was drafted; it presented all Frenchmen as equal before the law, but retained substantial prerogative for the king and nobility and limited voting to those paying at least 300 francs a year in direct taxes.

After the Hundred Days, when Napoleon briefly returned to power, Louis XVIII was restored a second time by the allies in 1815, ending more than two decades of war.

Redshirts (Italian Camicie Rosse) or Red coats (Italian Giubbe Rosse) is the name given to the volunteers who followed the Italian patriot Giuseppe Garibaldi during campaigns in Uruguay and Italy, and later his son Ricciotti in Greece and the Balkans, from the 1840s to the 1910s.

Battle of Leipzig, also called Battle of the Nations, (Oct. 16–19, 1813), decisive defeat for Napoleon, resulting in the destruction of what was left of French power in Germany and Poland. Not surprisingly, the day one of the battle ended as a French victory. 16 October: Blücher robbed Napoleon of an expected victory on a stormy autumn day… In the battle to the south of Leipzig, Napoleon on the knoll at Liebertwolkwitz directed a ferocious cannonade at the Russia forces facing them.

decisive defeat for Napoleon, resulting in the destruction of what was left of French power in Germany and Poland. The battle was fought at Leipzig, in Saxony, between approximately 185,000 French and other troops under Napoleon, and approximately 320,000 allied troops, including Austrian, Prussian, Russian, and Swedish forces, commanded respectively by Prince Karl Philipp Schwarzenberg, General Gebhard Leberecht Blücher, General Leonty Leontyevich Bennigsen, and the Swedish crown prince Jean Bernadotte. After his retreat from Russia in 1812, Napoleon mounted a new offensive in Germany in 1813. His armies failed to take Berlin, however, and were forced to withdraw west of the Elbe River. When the allied armies threatened Napoleon’s line of communications through Leipzig, he was forced to concentrate his forces in that city. On October 16 he successfully thwarted the attacks of Schwarzenberg’s 78,000 men from the south and Blücher’s 54,000 men from the north, but he failed to defeat either decisively. The number of troops surrounding him increased during the lull on the 17th, when Bennigsen and Bernadotte arrived.

The Papal States, officially the State of the Church, were a series of territories in the Italian Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the pope, from the 8th century until 1870. They were among the major states of Italy from roughly the 8th century until the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia successfully unified the Italian Peninsula by conquest in a campaign virtually concluded in 1861 and definitively in 1870. At their zenith, the Papal States covered most of the modern Italian regions of Lazio (which includes Rome), Marche, Umbria and Romagna, and portions of Emilia. These holdings were considered to be a manifestation of the temporal power of the pope, as opposed to his ecclesiastical primacy.

The Papal States, officially the State of the Church also Dicio Pontificia), were a series of territories in the Italian Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the pope, from the 8th century until 1870.