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Coalition government is a cabinet of a parliamentary government in which multiple political parties cooperate, reducing the dominance of any one party within that "coalition". The usual reason for this arrangement is that no party on its own can achieve a majority in the parliament.

 

Conservatism is a political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition, established institutions and customs. Following are some of the salient points of conservatism:

1.  i. Conservatives believe that traditional institutions like the church, social hierarchies, property and the family should be preserved against all forces of change.
2.  ii. Many conservatives even saw forces of modernism strengthening traditional institutions like monarchy.
3.  iii. Around 1815, the conservative regimes in Europe were largely autocratic. They did not tolerate democratic thought, political criticism or dissent. They often put restrictions on activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocracy and imposed censorship laws on newspapers, books, plays and songs that promoted ideas of liberty and freedom.

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Conservatives believed in traditional and cultural values. They were the people who supported monarchy and nobility. They believed that privileges of the monarchy and nobility should exist. After the French Revolution, they contended that gradual changes should be brought in the society.

Salt March

It started with dandi march

The March was over 240 miles and volunteers walked for 24 days. On 6th April, 1930, they reached Dandi and ceremonially violated the salt law and manufactured salt by boiling sea water. This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Liberalism or Liberal Nationalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. Four ideas of Liberal Nationalists in the economic sphere are: Liberalism stood for freedom of markets and abolition of state imposed restriction.

In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state- imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. During the nineteenth century this was a strong demand of the emerging middle classes.

‘The Habsburg Empire that ruled over Austria-Hungary was a patchwork of many different regions and peoples’. Analyse.

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It was a patchwork because:

(i) It included the Alpine region of Tyrol, Austria and Sudetenland - as well as Bohemia, where the aristrocracy was predominantly German-Speaking.

(ii) It also included the Italian-speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia.

(iii) In Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyar while the other half spoke a variety of dialects. In Galicia, the aristrocracy spoke Polish.

In different cities of Europe, people became motivated from the events in France. As a result, students and other people from the educated middle classes started setting up Jacobin clubs. Their activities made a ground for further encroachment by the French armies. The French army moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and a large part of Italy in the 1790s. Thus, the French armies started carrying the idea of nationalism to foreign lands.

The political and constitutional changes that came in the wake of the French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy revolution to a body of French citizen. The revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would constitute the nation and shape its dynasty.

1. Unified weights and measures.
2. Right to property granted.
3. Feudal privileges abolished.
4. Equality of all whether rich or poor.
5. Increase in taxation.
6. Censorship.

The outbreak of French revolution took place due to culmination of social, political, intellectual and economic factors.

Political – The Bourbon king of France, Louis XVI was an extremely autocratic and weak willed king who led a life of obscene luxury. This led to a lot of disenchantment among the masses who then were leading life of extreme poverty and widespread hunger.

Social – The social conditions in France in late 18^th century were extremely unequal and exploitative. The clergy and the nobility formed the first two Estates and were the most privileged classes in the French society. They were exempt from payment of taxes to the State. On the other hand, the Third Estate that consisted of peasants and workers formed the majority of the population. They were burdened with excessive taxes with no political and social rights. As a result, they were extremely discontent.

Economic – As a result of a numerous wars waged by Louis XVI the State coffers were empty. The situation was made even more complex by France’s involvement in the American War of Independence and the faulty system of taxation. While the privileged classes were excused from paying taxes the Third Estate was more and more burdened with them.

Intellectual – The 18^th century was marked by a conscious refusal by French thinkers of the ‘Divine Rights Theory’. Philosophers like Rousseau, rejected the paradigm of absolute monarchy and promulgated the doctrine of equality of man and sovereignty of people. They played a pivotal role in exposing the faultlines of old political system, i.e. the ancien regime, and articulating the popular discontent.

 

→ Democracy produces an accountable government: Democracy produces an accountable governments, as the people has the right in choose their representatives through the electoral process. These elected representatives form the government and participate in the decision-making process on behalf of the people. If these elected representatives not work properly, people have a chance to not elect them in next election.
→ Democracy Produces Responsive Government: Democratic governments are elected by the people and are responsible towards the people and Parliament. These governments promote the formation of public opinion and take care of the needs and expectations of the people.
→ Democracy Produces Legitimate Government: A democratic government is people’s own government. People wish to be ruled by representatives elected by them. They also believe that democracy is suitable for their country. Democracy’s ability to generate its own support is itself an outcome that cannot be ignored.
 

Sarkaria Commission:

In 1983, the Central government appointed a three-member Commission on Centre-state relations under the chairmanship of R S Sarkaria, a retired judge of the Supreme Court.

Important recommendations:

• Set a permanent Inter-State Council (Inter-Governmental Council) under Article 263.
• Article 356 (President’s Rule) to be used in extreme cases, as a last resort.
• Strengthen All-India Services and create other such services.
• Residuary powers of taxation to remain with the Parliament, while other residuary powers to be placed in the Concurrent List.

Because the can't get all resources other than petroleum

Kya pta be

A coalition government is a form of government in which political parties cooperate, reducing the dominance of any one party within that "coalition". The usual reason for this arrangement is that no party on its own can achieve a majority in the election. A coalition government might also be created in a time of national difficulty or crisis (for example, during wartime or economic crisis) to give a government the high degree of perceived political legitimacy or collective identity, it can also play a role in diminishing internal political strife. In such times, parties have formed all-party coalitions (national unity governments, grand coalitions). If a coalition collapses, a confidence vote is held or a motion of no confidence is taken.

Concentrate on internalising the concepts and events rather than obsessing over important points. Social science is a different academic discipline where understanding is more important that mere memorising. Hence, in order to study it effectively, you need to make an effort to understand the content matter. Also refer to past question papers to get the idea of how questions are asked in papers. Also check the revised and deleted syllabus issued by CBSE due to covid19. Happy Studies.

Whenever there is a revolution in france this results in starting a series of revolutions and uprisings in whole europe

Whenever the French citizens or nationalists take up a revolution, it is always so that the entire Europe, i.e, all the other European countries begin to think of similar controversies that were reflected by the revolution in their own country.....

If France sneezes, rest of Europe catches cold' was said by Metternich, the Austrian Chancellor. He opined that the political developments in France were stimulative to other countries of Europe. like the French Revolution and the ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity. 

Example: Revolution of weavers in Silesia

(i) More and more land is used for construction of factories, warehouses and shelters which have reduced the land under cultivation. 

(ii) Soil gets degraded by the use of pesticides, fertilizers, over irrigation, etc., which leads to water logging and salinity.  

(iii) Today Indian farmers are facing a big challenge from international competition. 

(iv) Our government is reducing the public investment in agriculture, subsidy on fertilizers have decreased. 

(v) Reduction in import duties on agricultural products have proved detrimental to agriculture in the country.

First Carnatic War 1746-48 was a part of the War of the Austrian Succession that was fought between the Kingdom of Prussia, Spain, France, and Bavaria, Sweden etc. on one side and Habsburg Monarchy, England, Dutch Republic, Russia on the other side. This war finally ended with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748).

This treaty could not bring any substantial settlement with regard to the commercial struggle between the Britain and France in India. In India the same war is coterminous with the First Carnatic War.

The First Carnatic war in India began with the appearing of a British Fleet on the Coromandel Coast. in 1745. The Judicious French Governor Dupleix induced the Nawab of Arcot for intervention but the Nawab opted for an impartial policy.

British initially captured a few French ships, the French called for backup from Mauritius. In 1746 a French squadron arrived under the command of Bertrand François Mahe de la Bourdonnais, who was the famous French governor of Mauritius.

Folk culture

das Volk was a daily newspaper published from Germany it was the functional organ of the social democratic party of Germany

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1) Any one out of these two ch 3,4 . The chosen chapter to be assessed in the periodic test are not in board examination. 2) ch - 5 Geography 3) Ch 2, ch 3 Political science 4) ch 3,4,5,8

Page 19 1. Which of the following does not lead to the spread of democracy? (a) Struggle by the people (b) Invasion by foreign countries (c) End of colonialism (d) People’s desire for freedom Answer: (b) Invasion by foreign countries 2. Which of the following statement is true about today’s world? (a) Monarchy as a form of government has vanished. (b) The relationship between different countries has become more democratic than ever before. (c) In more and more countries rulers are being elected by the people. (d) There are no more military dictators in the world. Answer: (c) In more and more countries rulers are being elected by the people. 3. Use one of the following statements to complete the sentence: Democracy in international organisations requires that … (a) The rich countries should have a greater say. (b)Countries should have a say according to their military power. (c) Countries should be treated with respect in proportion to their population. (d) All countries in the world should be treated equally. Answer: (c) All countries in the world should be treated equally. 4. Based on the information given in this chapter, match the following countries and the path democracy has taken in that country. Country Path to Democracy (a) Chile (b) Nepal (c) Poland (d) Ghana(i) Freedom from British colonial rule (ii) End of military dictatorship (iii) End of one party rule (iv) King agreed to give up his powers Answer: Country Path to Democracy (a) Chile (ii) End of military dictatorship (b) Nepal (iv) King agreed to give up his powers (c) Poland (iii) End of one party rule (d) Ghana (i) Freedom from British colonial rule 5. What are the difficulties people face in a non-democratic country? Give answers drawing from the examples given in this chapter. Answer: Citizens of non-democratic countries face a lot of difficulties. These are listed below: They are not allowed to choose their leader or raise a voice against changing their leader. They aren’t entitled to form political parties without the consent of the one in power. They do not have the rights to form independent trade unions or are allowed to strike. They do not enjoy the right to freedom of speech and expression because there is a possibility that people can be arrested for any trivial matter. For example, the military coup of 1973 in Chile and the Communist government in Poland, which ruled till 1990, are examples of oppressive undemocratic rule. 6. Which freedoms are usually taken away when a democracy is overthrown by the military? Answer: When a democracy is overthrown by the military, freedom is curbed and following incidents are usually witnessed: The military does whatever it wishes to do and no one has the authority to question them. The military government tortures, harasses, imprisons and also kills people who had gone against them during their takeover. Moreover, citizens are not allowed to show displeasure against any of their policies. People are barred from expressing their opinions freely, from forming any trade unions or even having the right to vote. 7. Which of the following positions can contribute to democracy at the global level? Give reasons for your answer in each case. a. My country gives more money to international institutions. Therefore, I want to be treated with more respect and exercise more power. b. My country may be small or poor, but my voice must be heard with equal respect because these decisions will affect my country. c. Wealthy nations will have a greater say in international affairs. They cannot let their interests suffer just because they are outnumbered by poor nations. d. Big countries like India must have a greater say in international organisations. Answer: a. No, it does not contribute towards democracy at a global level because every democracy’s basic principle is equality. Every country or its people should enjoy equal status and rights irrespective of it being poor or rich. Also, the amount of money the country contributes towards international institutions is not the yardstick that determines the power a country can have globally. b. Yes, it does contribute towards democracy because it promotes a fundamental right-the right to freedom of speech and expression. When every person of the country utilises his/her right to express and be heard, he/she automatically supports democracy. c. No, it does not lead the democracy at the global level because at a universal level, all the countries whether rich or poor are equal. There should be no distinctions between the countries and all should be treated at par. Also, wealthy nations are not entitled to special treatments. d. No, it does not support democracy because geographical areas or the size of the country cannot be the criteria to determine the superiority of that country. 8. Here are three opinions expressed in a television debate on the struggle for democracy in Nepal. Which of these do you agree with and why? Guest 1: India is a democracy. Therefore, the Indian government must support the people of Nepal who are struggling against monarchy and for democracy. Guest 2: That is a dangerous argument. We would be in the same position as the US was in Iraq. Remember, no outside force can promote democracy. Guest 3: But why should we bother about the internal affairs of another country? We should be worried about our business interests there, not about democracy. Answer: The opinion of Guest 1 can be easily agreed with. Being a democracy, India has to support the democratic aspirations of the Nepali people. The Government of India is within its rights to declare support for those who are struggling for establishment of democratic government. However, there has to be recognition of the fact that no country can supplant democracy in another country. The push has to come from the people of that particular nation.

Gandhi found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite the nation.
(i) Gandhi started his famous salt march accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers.
(ii) The march was over 240 miles, from Gandhi ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati coastal town of Dandi. The volunteers walked for 24 days, about 10 miles a day.
(iii) He ceremonially violated the British law when by manufacturing salt from sea water. This has also marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Power shared between Central and State governments to local government is called the Decentralization of government. It is also called third tier of the government.

The State governments are required to share some powers and revenue with local government bodies. The nature of sharing however varies from state to state. Rural Local Government is popularly known as the Panchayati Raj. It consists of Zilla Parishad, Panchayat Samiti and Gram Panchayats.

There is a gram panchayat in each village or group of villages. It is a council of several ward members called panch and a president called Sarpanch. It works under the overall supervision of Gram Sabha.

A few gram panchayats are grouped together to form a Panchayat Samiti also known as a Block or Mandal. The members of this body are elected by all the members of the Panchayats in that area. All the Panchayat Samitis or Mandals in a district constitute a body of elected members to form the Zilla Parishad. The political head of Zilla Parishad is called the Chairperson.

Urban Local Government or Nagar Palika comprises the Municipalities or Municipal Committees in towns and Municipal Corporations in big cities. The political head of Municipal committees is the Municipal Chairperson and the chairperson of Municipal Corporation is called a Mayor.

• There are two or more levels (or tiers) of government.
• Different tiers of government govern the same citizens, but each tier has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration.
• The jurisdictions of the respective levels or tiers of government are specified in the constitution. So the existence and authority of each tier of government is constitutionally guaranteed.
• The fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of government. Such changes require the consent of both the levels of government.
• Courts have the power to interpret the constitution and the powers of different levels of government. The highest court acts as an umpire if disputes arise between different levels of government in the exercise of their respective powers.
• Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified to ensure its financial autonomy.
• The federal system thus has dual objectives: to safeguard and promote unity of the country, while at the same time accommodate regional diversity.

In order to divide the legislative powers between the Union and the states, the Indian Constitution has three lists with specific subjects. The Union List has 97 subjects on which only the Centre can make laws. The State List has 66 topics on which the states have a jurisdiction. The Concurrent List has 47 subjects on which both the centre and the states can legislate.

The residuary powers are vested in the Union Legislature. Hence the Union Parliament has the exclusive power to legislate on any matter that does not feature in any of the three Lists.