As federalism has two or more levels of governments it has dual objectives.

(i) to safeguard and promote unity of the country.

(ii) and to accommodate regional diversity.

=> These two aspects are crucial for the institution and practice of federalism. The government at different levels should agree to some rules of power sharing.

=> They should also trust that each would abide by its part of agreement.

Hence, an ideal federal system has both aspects i.e., • Mutual trust and • Agreement to live together

The disadvantages of barter system were Goods were limited, Need for Double Coincidence of wants, Difficulty of Division and Sub - division of Goods, Difficulty in calculating the value of goods, Difficulty in the case of services and Difficulty in Strong Value.

• In barter system the goods were limited. Barter system was lead only to lower level development.
• Barter system was good when needs were limited. Needs of man were increased but the supply of goods were not enough to satisfy man’s needs.
• Needs differentiate from man to man. If either parties get what they need then it is double coincidence. If not it is a trouble as they don’t get what they need.
• In the barter system it is difficult to divide and sub-divide goods.Posibility of exchange his good for only one good not for two or more.
• The value of the goods cannot be distributed equally as there were no measure during that period.
• The exchange of goods worth a service of a person was impossible as it was inconvenient to measure it. Barter sytem cannot exchange goods for services.
• Perishable goods could not saved as wealth for their future expenses. The economy could not contribute anything towards capital formation of the country too.

 It means discussion aimed at reaching an agreement.

A negotiation is a strategic discussion that resolves an issue in a way that both parties find acceptable. In a negotiation, each party tries to persuade the other to agree with his or her point of view. By negotiating, all involved parties try to avoid arguing but agree to reach some form of compromise.

The Poona Pact refers to an agreement between B. R. Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi on behalf of depressed classes and caste Hindu leaders on the reservation of electoral seats for the depressed classes in the legislature of British India government. Contrary to popular belief, Mahatma Gandhi was not involved in signing the pact. It was made on 24 September 1932 at Yerwada Central Jail in Pune, India. It was signed by B.R Ambedkar on behalf of the depressed classes and Madan Mohan Malviya on behalf of the Caste Hindus as a means to end the fast that Gandhi was undertaking in jail as a protest against the decision by British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald to give separate electorates to depressed classes for the election of members of provincial legislative assemblies in British India. They finally agreed upon 148 electoral seats.

• On 13th April 1919, the infamous Jallianwala Bagh incident took place.
• On that day, a crowd of villagers who had come to Amritsar to attend a fair gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwala Bagh.
• Being from outside the city, they were unaware of the martial law that had been imposed.
• General Dyer entered the area, blocked the only exit point, and opened fire on the crowd, killing and wounding hundreds of people.
• His objective was to ‘produce a moral effect’ to create in the minds of satyagrahis, a feeling of terror and awe.
• As the news spread, crowds took to the streets. There were strikes, clashes with police and attacks on government buildings. The government responded with brutal repression. Seeing violence spread, Mahatma Gandhi called off the movement.

 Social peace and Imperialism : The refrigerated ships reduced shipping cost and lowered meat prices in Europe. The poor in Europe could now consume a more varied diet. Better living conditions promoted social peace within the country and support for Imperialism abroad.

Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided, it is technologically accessible, economically . feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as Resource. Examples, coal, water, air, minerals, etc.

Under this treaty, Greece recognized as an independent nation.
The Treaty of Constantinople was part of the Constantinople Conference which began in 1832.
The participation of this conference included France, Britain, and Russia (Great powers) and on the other side the Ottoman Empire.
The treaty was put forward as Leopold I decline to accept the Greece throne because he was unhappy about the Aspropotamos–Spercheios line.      

Guild refers to the association of merchants, craftsmen or traders to promote their economic interests. Guild restrictions refers to certain restrictions imposed on the association in terms of trade and manufacturing

Explanation:

1. Guild restrictions normally refer to the association of craftsmen, merchants or traders to boost their economic interests.

2. Guild restrictions refer to particular restrictions imposed on the association in terms of manufacturing or trade.

3. Napoleon introduced so many measures like he removed guild restrictions and allowed merchants, and artisans to trade freely.

manorial dues are the fees that peasants or serfs of farmer owe to the nobles who is their landlord . the lord of the manor ,in exchange of giving you land on which you make a living ,essentially charges rent ,this is the cornerstone of feudalism. Manorial system was very popular in France, England, Eastern Europe etc. In this system, the peasants would take land from the landlord and does farming on that land. In return to this, the peasants would take money from the landlords, this was called manorial dues. Manorial dues are the fees that peasants or serfs of farmer owe to the nobles who is their landlord .the lord of the manor, in exchange of giving you land on which you make a living, essentially charges rent, this is the cornerstone of feudalism.

Diplomacy is the art and science of maintaining peaceful relationships between nations, groups, or individuals. Often, diplomacy refers to representatives of different groups discussing such issues as conflict, trade, the environment, technology, or maintaining security. Hence, Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting negotiations between nations.

Non cooperation movement was a mass movement which was launched by Gandhi in 1920. It was a peaceful and a non-violent protest against the British government in India. 

Programmes of the Non Cooperation movement were:

• Indians were asked to relinquish their titles and resign from nominated seats in the local bodies as a mark of protest.
• People had to resign from their government jobs.
• People were asked to withdraw their children from government-controlled or aided schools and colleges.
• People had to boycott foreign goods and use only Indian-made goods.

The main aim of the Non Cooperation movement was the demand of 'Swaraj' or the self government. 

CBSE Class 10 Socail Science
Revision Notes
History Chapter- 1
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

1. In 1848, Frederic Sorrieu, a French artist, prepared a series of four print visualizing his dream of a world made up of ‘democratic and social republic, as he called them.
2. Artists of the time of the French Revolution personified Liberty as a female figure.
3. According to Sorrieu’s utopian vision, the peoples of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through their flags and national costume.
4. This chapter will deal with many of the issues visualized by Sorrieu.
5. During the nineteenth century, nationalism emerged as a force which brought about sweeping changes in the political and mental world of Europe.
6. The end result of these changes was the emergence of the nation-state in the place of the multi-national dynastic empires of Europe.
7. A modern state, in which a centralized power exercised sovereign control over a clearly defined territory, had been developing over a long period of time in Europe.
8. But a nation-state was one in which the majority of its citizens, and not only its rulers, came to develop a sense of common identity and shared history or descent.
9. This chapter will look at the diverse processes through which nation-states and nationalism came into being in nineteenth-century Europe.

For more click on the given link:

<a href="https://mycbseguide.com/blog/history-rise-nationalism-europe-class-10-notes-social-science/">https://mycbseguide.com/blog/history-rise-nationalism-europe-class-10-notes-social-science/</a>

1. Generating alternative employment opportunities, particularly in rural areas, such as horticulture, fisheries, etc.

2. Providing vocational training and skills so as to help in gainful employment.

3. Encouraging self-employment by providing adequate credit, infrastructural and other such facilities.

Intensive Subsistence Farming: The term, 'intensive subsistence agriculture' is used to describe a type of agriculture characterised by high output per unit of land and relatively low output per worker. Although the nature of this agriculture has changed and in many areas now it is no more subsistence. In intensive subsistence agriculture, the farmer cultivates a small plot of land using simple tools and more labor. Farmers use their small land holdings to produce enough, for their local consumption, while remaining produce is used for exchange against other goods.

Ernst Renan was a French philosopher, who outlined the attributes of a nation which are as follows
(i) A nation is not formed by a common language, race, religion or territory.
(ii) To form a nation, social capital, common glories and deeds of the past and common will are necessary. A nation is the culmination of a long past of endeavours, sacrifice and devotion.
(iii) Nation is a large-scale solidarity, its existence is a daily plebiscite and its inhabitants have the right to be consulted.
(iv) The existence of a nation is not only a good thing, but also a necessity.
(v) A nation has never any real interest in annexing or holding on to a country against its will.
Nations are important because existence of the nation is a guarantee of liberty. Liberty would be lost if the world had only one law and only one master.

Gandhiji decided to withdraw the ‘Non-Cooperation Movement’ in February 1922 because of the following reasons :

1) Gandhiji felt that the movement was turning violent and satyagrahis needed proper training before they were ready for a mass struggle.

2) Some nationalist leaders in the Congress believed that they should take part in the elections to the provincial councils as this will give them an opportunity to oppose the British within the councils and demonstrate to the people that the councils were not truly democratic. They resented to the struggle but could not openly criticize Gandhiji.

3) In 1922, at Chauri-Chaura in Gorakhpur, a peaceful mob turned violent and clashed with the police resulting in the deaths of several policemen.

The issue of sustainability is important for development because:

• It requires preservation of stock of resources including exhaustible natural resources and environmental resources.
• Recent studies show that groundwater in India is exhausted because of overuse. 1/3 of the country is overusing its groundwater reserves. Another area is exhaustion of natural resources. The resources of crude oil would last only for 43 years more.

National Democratic Alliance (NDA)  is a group of other parties headed by BJP who has clear majority in Parliament. NDA came to Power in 2014.

United Progressive Alliance  is group of Parties headed by Congress who have only 44 MPs in the Lok Sabha. As per Rules since their No is less that 10% of the total seats they cannot be termed as Main Opposition party and have it’s MP as the leader of Opposition. Their MP is now the leader of Opposition but I am not sure how, why and under what circumstances that post was conferred on him.There have been two versions of UPA 1 and UPA 2. They ruled the country for 10 years under Dr Manmohan Singh as the PM. During this 10 years, Lalu Prasad Yadav’s party RJD was one of the allies of UPA 1 and UPA 2. He enjoyed Cabinet position while fodder scam case was pending trial against him in the Court of Law. The charges against him were of corruption and misappropriation of Public Funds etc. He has been now convicted in two cases out of 6 and is presently lodged in Jail. The case against him was pending for framing of charges for about 25 years. Framing of charges means the court frames charges against the accused based on the evidence available on record. The accused is asked if he pleads guilty and if he pleads not guilty the charges are framed. This is the stage when the trial commences. Till then the case pending is called Court proceedings. It is by and large common for a case pending trial for few years. But pending for framing charges for 25 years is shocking and surprising. This cannot happen in a normal case. So readers have to read between the lines. The trial ended in logical conclusion only after NDA came to Power.

It is on record that there were 54 scams during Congress regimes from 1947 till 2014. And NDA has the first PNB Scam. What a track record.

Reported areas or reporting areas refer to the area which has been surveyed and which provide a detailed account , information about the land use pattern that  ​reflects the usage of land for purposes like forests, for cultivation which is shown in net sown areas, area that is uncultivated, it also includes fallow land, land not available for cultivation. 

In India, the reporting area which has been surveyed and form part of the land use data is 93%. This is because of the following reasons:

a. Many of the north east states except for Assam have not been reported and covered in the data, because of lack of road connectivity to some extemely remote areas, instability in the region, external issue with regard to the state of Arunachal with China.
b. Similarly, parts of Jammu and Kashmir which are occupied by Pakistan and China have not been reported .

Metternich described Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini as 'the most dangerous enemy of our social order' because he was against conservatives and ran two secret socities.

Explanation:

• Matternich who proposed Congress of Vienna  was against the modern and vigorous views propounded by Mazzini.

• Matternich was conservative in ideology and did not appreciate the change which Mazzini was trying to infuse in the society through his revolutionary society such as Young Europe and Carbonari Young Italy.

• Mazzini was the Italian revolutionary who was modern and pursuer at the age of twenty four in 1831.

• He established various secret organizations in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland.

• Thus, the disagreement between the views of Matternich and Mazzini led to the popular view of Mazzini being dangerous to the established social order of Europe.

The two secret societies founded by ‘Giuseppe Mazzini’ were young Europe and Young Italy.

Giuseppe Mazzini was an ‘Italian revolutionary’ who founded two ‘underground societies’. He formed ‘Young Italy’ in Marseilles and thereafter he formed ‘Young Europe’ in Berne. Giuseppe Mazzini played an ‘important role’ in supporting the ideas for the unification of Italy.  

He wanted to involve the youth in revolutionary activities so he founded the underground secret societies Youth Italy and Young Europe. He played an ‘important role’ in liberal nationalism.   

Napoleon was defeated in 1815 by the combined power of Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria. After the defeat of Napoleon, European governments wanted to follow conservatism. The conservatives believed that established, traditional institutions of state and society should be preserved. They believed in preserving the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family. But most of them also wanted to retain the modernization which Napoleon carried out in the spheres of administration. The conservatives believed that modernization would strengthen traditional institutions. It was believed that a modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the monarchies of Europe.

Congress of Vienna was hosted by Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich in 1815. 

The following changes were made: 

(i) The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power and France lost the territories it had annexed.

(ii) A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent the French expansion in future. Thus, the kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the North and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the South.

(iii) Prussia was given important new territories on its. Western frontiers, while Austria was given control of Northern Italy. 

(iv) The German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched.

The Provisions of Treaty of Vienna of 1815 include:
(i) The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power.
(ii) France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
(iii) A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future.
(iv) Belgium was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.
(v) Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy.
(vi) In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.
(vii) Thus, monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon were restored and a new conservative order was created in Europe.

Conservatism is a political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition, established institutions and customs. It also laid stress on gradual development as opposed to revolutionary change. Following are some of the salient points of conservatism:

1.  i. Conservatives believe that traditional institutions like the church, social hierarchies, property and the family should be preserved against all forces of change.
2.  ii. Many conservatives even saw forces of modernism strengthening traditional institutions like monarchy.
3.  iii. Around 1815, the conservative regimes in Europe were largely autocratic. They did not tolerate democratic thought, political criticism or dissent. They often put restrictions on activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocracy and imposed censorship laws on newspapers, books, plays and songs that promoted ideas of liberty and freedom.