Sri-lanka Tamils felt alientsd because:

(i) In 1956, an Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official language, thus disregarding Tamil.

(ii) The governments followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for positions in educational institutions, armed forces and other government jobs.

(iii) A new constitution declared that the state shall protect and promote Buddhism, the religion of the majority Sinhala community.

All these government measures gradually increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils.

Due to following reasons, the demand deposits are considered as money
(i) Demand deposits can be withdrawn from the bank whenever it is required.
(ii) They are widely accepted as a means of payment, along with the currency, thus they are considered as money.
(iii) They are accepted widely as means of payment by way of a cheque instead of cash.

A customs union known as Wolverine was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states. This union removed internal impediments and summed up 32 currencies into two. Besides this, it the aim of the union is to bind the Germans economically into a nation by strengthening the nation materially through its protection of interests externally and stimulating its internal production.

Formal sector loans: 

(i) Loans from banks and cooperatives. 

(ii) Under supervision of the Reserve Bank of India. 

(iii) Reasonable rates of interest. 

Informal sector loans: 

(i) Loans from moneylenders, relatives, friend, traders, etc.

(ii) No supervision of any institution. 

(iii) Very high rates of interest.

Climatic conditions required for the growth of rice: 

(i) It is a Kharif crop which requires high temperature (above 25°C). 

(ii) High humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm. 

(iii) In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation.

(iv) It is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions. 

(v) Development of dense network of canal irrigation and tubewells have made it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab and Haryana.

Plantation Agriculture: It is a type of commercial farming practised in tropical and sub-tropical regions. It was introduced by the British in India.

Characteristics:

(i) A signal crop is grown over a large area.

(ii) It is capital intensive and done with migrant labour.

(iii) All produce is used as raw material in industries such as tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana, etc.

(iv) Plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry both.

Ans : A

(i) Per capital income is the average income of a country.
(ii) Per capital income criteria takes into account only the economic aspect of life and ignores the social, aspect of life.
(iii) Per capita income criteria ignores education, health, life expectancy, sanitation etc.
(iv) Per capita income criteria also ignores non material things like peace, pollution free environment, democracy, etc.
(v) Though Punjab has higher per capital income as compared to Kerala but it has been ranked lower on Human Development Index because it is far behind than Kerala in literacy rate and has higher infant mortality rate than Kerala.

To Visualize the Nation :

(1) Germania became the symbol of the German nation. She attires a crown of oak leaves because in Germany oak stands for bravery.

(2) Artists personified the nation as a female figure.

(3) Artist used the female metaphor to portray ideas of liberty, justice, and the republic.  

(4) Statues of Marianne were erected to remind the national symbol to persuade them to identify with it.  

(5) Marianne images were printed on stamps.  

Cyclical unemployment is a type of unemployment which is related to the cyclical trends in the industry or the business cycle. If an economy is doing good, cyclical unemployment will be at its lowest, and will be the highest if the economy growth starts to falter.

Nationalist teneion emerged in the Balkans because the Balkan states were aspiring for nationalism.
The Balkans was a region comprising modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece,
Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro and their inhabitants were called Slavs.
In 19th century, the major portion of the Balkans was under the Ottoman Empire.
The ideas of romantic nationalism developed in the Balkans. The rebellions nationalities in the Balkans thought that their struggle was the attempt to win back their long-lost independence.

Three demands of Sri Lankan Tamils
i) Their language i.e. the Tamil should be given equal status with that of the Sinhala language
ii) Their should be no discrimination between them and the Sinhala residents of Sri Lanka in government jobs and university posts.
iii) Their religion whether Hinduism or Christianity should be equally respected with that or Buddhism.
iv) They should be given equal political rights. 

(i) Indian farmers are facing challenge from international competition. 

(ii) Government is reducing investment in agricultural sector, especially irrigation sector. 

(iii) Subsidy in fertilizers has decreased, leading to a rise in cost of production. 

(iv) Reduction in import duties on agricultural products. 

(v) Farmers are withdrawing their investment from agriculture causing a downfall in the employment in agriculture.

1. High quantities of fertilisers, high yield variety seeds, insecticides and pesticides are used to enhance the productivity of land.

2. The degree and extent of commercialised agriculture varies from region to region. For example, wheat in Punjab is a commercial crop, while in Orissa, it is a subsistence crop.

3. Plantation is also a kind of commercial farming where a single crop is grown over a large area.

4. In commercial farming, crops are grown for earning profits. Some of the cash crops are tea, coffee, rubber etc. 

tertiary sector

The tertiary sector different from the primary and secondary sectors this sector does not produce goods by itself but the other two sectors produce goods. This sector help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors. The activities under the tertiary sector are an aid or support for the production process. For example, transport, communication, storage, banking, insurance, trade activities etc. Similarly, doctors, teachers, lawyers, tailor, etc., come under the tertiary sector as they provide services rather than material goods. This is why this sector is also termed as the service sector.

(i) The Rowlatt Act was passed in March , 1919 .

(ii) It was passed by the Government to "curb the growing upsurge" in the country .

(iii) It was passed as a result of the Bills introduced in the Central Legislature , in February , 1919

(iv) The Rowlatt act implied arrest of a person without warrant.

(v) It allowed camera trial and restricted movements of individuals.

(vi) It suspended the Right to Habeas Corpus.

(vii) As a result , Gandhiji started Satyagraha to challenge the Government.

(viii) This was one of the causes that led to the Non-cooperation Movement.

Powers of the Chief Minister are:

1. He is the real executive head of the state and the leader of the majority party in the State Legislative Assembly.
2. He and his Council of Ministers carry out the state's administration.
3. He is the head of the Council of Ministers. He is therefore also known as the ‘head of the Cabinet Arch’.
4. The Governor on his advice appoints the rest of the ministers.
5. He assigns various portfolios to the Cabinet ministers and other ministers and also coordinates the functioning of the various departments.
6. He presides over the meetings of the Cabinet and the Council of Ministers and; all the decisions taken are then communicated to the Governor. Thus, he acts as a link between the Cabinet and the Governor.
7. He is the defender of the government in the State Legislature.
8. In case of conflict between the Chief Minister and a minister, it is the minister who has to step down.
9. The Chief Minister’s position is of primary importance in the state's administrative system. His responsibilities are similar to those of the Prime Minister and therefore he is responsible for the success or failure of the government.

Powers of the Prime Minister

The Constitution does not say very much about the powers of the Prime Minister or the ministers or their relationship with each other. But as head of the government, the Prime Minister has wide ranging powers.

1. He chairs Cabinet meetings.

2. He coordinates the work of different Departments.

3. His decisions are final in case disagreements arise between Departments.

4. He exercises general supervision of different ministries and all the ministers work under his leadership.

5. The Prime Minister distributes and redistributes work to the ministers.

6. He also has the power to dismiss ministers.

7. When the Prime Minister quits, the entire ministry quits.

The Provisions of Treaty of Vienna of 1815 include:
(i) The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power.
(ii) France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
(iii) A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future.
(iv) Belgium was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.
(v) Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy.
(vi) In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.
(vii) Thus, monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon were restored and a new conservative order was created in Europe.

जलियांवाला बाग नरसंहार 13 अप्रैल 1919 को हुआ था। इस दिन ब्रिटिश लेफ्टिनेंट जनरल रेगिनाल्ड डायर ने अमृतसर के जलियांवाला बाग में बैसाखी के मौके पर इकट्ठे हजारों निहत्थे मासूम भारतीयों पर अंधाधुंध गोलियां चलवा दी थीं। इस गोलीबारी में 1000-2000 भारतीय मारे गए थे। वहीं इससे कहीं ज्यादा गंभीर रूप से घायल हुए थे। 

बैसाखी के दिन 13 अप्रैल 1919 को अमृतसर के जलियांवाला बाग में एक सभा रखी गई, जिसमें कुछ नेता भाषण देने वाले थे। शहर में कर्फ्यू लगा हुआ था, फिर भी इसमें सैंकड़ों लोग ऐसे भी थे, जो बैसाखी के मौके पर परिवार के साथ मेला देखने और शहर घूमने आए थे और सभा की खबर सुन कर वहां जा पहुंचे थे। जब नेता बाग में पड़ी रोड़ियों के ढेर पर खड़े हो कर भाषण दे रहे थे तभी डायर ने बाग से निकलने के सारे रास्ते बंद करवा दिए। बाग में जाने का जो एक रास्ता खुला था जनरल डायर ने उस रास्ते पर हथियारबंद गाड़ियां खड़ी करवा दी थीं।

डायर करीब 100 सिपाहियों के सीथ बाग के गेट तक पहुंचा। उसके करीब 50 सिपाहियों के पास बंदूकें थीं। वहां पहुंचकर बिना किसी चेतावनी के उसने गोलियां चलवानी शुरु कर दी। गोलीबारी से डरे मासूम बाग में स्थित एक कुएं में कूदने लगे। गोलीबारी के बाद कुएं से 200 से ज्यादा शव बरामद हुए थे।

इस घटना के प्रतिघात स्वरूप सरदार उधमसिंह ने 13 मार्च 1940 को लंदन के कैक्सटन हॉल में इस घटना के समय ब्रिटिश लेफ़्टिनेण्ट गवर्नर मायकल ओ ड्वायर को गोली चला के मार डाला। उन्हें 31 जुलाई 1940 को फांसी पर चढ़ा दिया गया था।

The "division of power" between the Central & State Govts is done in a 3 fold distribution of "legislative powers" between the Union & the State Govts.

Explanation:

There are 3 lists - "Union List", "State List" & "Concurrent List".

(i) Union List: It comprises areas of "national significance" such as defense of the nation, foreign affairs, communication, currency, & banking. The Central Govt alone can take all decisions on matters included in this list. The objective of "including" these matters in the "Union List" is to make sure there is "uniformity" in the "policy" of these areas across the nation.

(ii) State List: It comprises subjects of "state & local" significance such as trade, police, agriculture, irrigation, & commerce. The State Govts alone can take all decisions pertaining to these areas.

(iii) Concurrent List: It comprises those areas that are of "common interest" to both the Central & State Govts. It comprises matters such as forests, education, trade unions, & marriage. Both the Central & State govts can take all decisions pertaining to these matters.

The Khilafat Movement was launched by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement. At the Calcutta Session of the Congress in September 1920, he convinced other leaders to start a Non-Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat Movement.
The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924), was a pan-Islamic, political protest campaign launched by Muslims in British India to influence the British Government and to protect the Ottoman empire during the aftermath of First World War. The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey.
There was a fear that the power of the spiritual head of the Islamic world (Khalifa) would be curtailed. To defend his power, a Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in 1919. The Khilafat leaders put pressure . upon the British Government to give better treatment to Turkey.

The 1848 revolution of the liberals refers to the various national movements pioneered by educated middle classes alongside the revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving peasants and workers in Europe. While in countries like France, food shortages and widespread unemployment during 1848 led to popular uprisings, in other parts of Europe (such as Germany, Italy, Poland, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire), men and women of the liberal middle classes came together to voice their demands for the creation of nation-states based on parliamentary principles. The political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals were:

•  Politically, they demanded constitutionalism with national unification, nation-state with a written constitution and parliamentary administration.
•  Socially, they wanted to rid society of its class-based partialities and birthrights. Serfdom and bonded labor had to be abolished.
•  Economically they demanded freedom of markets and right to property. The abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movements of goods and capital.

The process of of dispersing or distributing decision making power to the smaller units is known as Decentralisation.
Taking away the power from the Supreme level and the state level and giving it to the local level is called decentralisation. It once happened in India in the year 1912 .