Johann Gottfried Herder was a romantic thinker of German origin. He claimed that the real German culture was the culture of the common people—das volk. Also, he said that the true spirit of the nation (volksgeist) could be effectively popularized only through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dance. Hence, according to Gottfried, the collection and record of these forms of folk culture is of essence in the project of nation-building. 

The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830. The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries, who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head.

Resources

• Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided, it is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as ‘Resource’.

Classification of Resources

• The resources can be classified as:

→ On the basis of origin – biotic and abiotic

→ On the basis of exhaustibility – renewable and non-renewable

→ On the basis of ownership – individual, community, national and international

→ On the basis of status of development – potential, developed stock and reserves.

We need to expand formal sources of credit in india because:-
(1) There is no organisation which supervises the credit activities of lenders in the informal sector.
(2) There is no one to stop them from using unfair means to get their money back.
(3) Formal sources of credit are less risky and they charge less rate of interest .
(4) The RBI supervises the functioning of formal sourcesif loans.

This is true that in circumstances of huge risks, credit produces more problems for the borrower on account of the following reasons:

1. The borrower has to repay a fixed percentage on the capital obtained, whereas the interest on investment may or may not come due to the ambiguity of business and economic situation.

2. If the borrower defaults to repay the pledged capital to the banker, then he might face a constitutional case in the court of law which will generate an additional predicament for the borrower.

3. The huge risk is correlated with a high rate of interest. Paying off high rates of interest will constitute a difficulty for the borrower if profits from the business are not sufficient then the situation of debt will arise.

The cause of the ‘Silesian Weavers’ uprising was due to the cheating of the weavers by the contractors. In 1845, the weavers raised a revolt against the contractors as the contractors drastically reduced their payments.
The viewpoint of the journalist Wilhelm Wolff for this uprising was - a large crowd of weavers reached the house of the contractor and demanded higher wages. They were not treated well, so a group of the crowd entered the contractor’s house forcibly and destroyed the furniture, windowpanes and plundered it. The contractor fled with his family to a neighbouring village but did not get shelter.
After 24 hours, he returned back with army and eleven weavers were shot dead. This shows that the viewpoint of the journalist was based against the weavers and in favour of the contractor. He did not understand the misery of the weavers properly.

The Kharif cropping season starts with the onset of the Indian subcontinent’s monsoon. Kharif crops are typically sown at the beginning of the first monsoon rains (depends on region to region). Harvesting season begins from the 3rd week of September to October (the exact harvesting dates differ from region to region).
 

Following are some of the examples of Kharif crops:

• Rice
• Maize
• Sorghum
• Bajra
• Soybean
• Cotton

The Salt March, which took place from March to April 1930 in India, was an act of civil disobedience led by Mohandas Gandhi to protest British rule in India. During the march, thousands of Indians followed Gandhi from his religious retreat near Ahmedabad to the Arabian Sea coast, a distance of some 240 miles. The march resulted in the arrest of nearly 60,000 people, including Gandhi himself. India finally was granted its independence in 1947. Britain’s Salt Act of 1882 prohibited Indians from collecting or selling salt, a staple in their diet.  Indian citizens were forced to buy the vital mineral from their British rulers, who, in addition to exercising a monopoly over the manufacture and sale of salt, also charged a heavy salt tax. Although India’s poor suffered most under the tax, all Indians required salt. After living for two decades in South Africa, where Mohandas Gandhi fought for the civil rights of Indians residing there, Gandhi returned to his native country in 1915 and soon began working for India’s independence from Great Britain.  Defying the Salt Act, Gandhi reasoned, would be an ingeniously simple way for many Indians to break a British law nonviolently.  Gandhi declared resistance to British salt policies to be the unifying theme for his new campaign of “satyagraha,” or mass civil disobedience.

On March 12, 1930 Mahatma Gandhi began the historic march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, a village on the Gujarat sea coast. A number of people followed him. On the morning of 6th April, Gandhiji violated the Salt Laws at Dandi by picking up some salt left by the seawaves. Gandhiji's breaking of the Salt Laws marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement

India is primarily an agricultural country.

1. Two third of its population is engaged in agricultural activities which provide livelihood.
2. Agriculture is a primary activity and produces most of the food and food grains that we consume.
3. Agriculture produces raw materials for our various industries, For example: cotton textile and sugar industry.
4. Some agricultural products like tea, coffee and spices are exported and earn foreign exchange.
5. The share of agriculture in providing employment and livelihood to the population continued to be as high as 63% in 2001.

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP): This party was founded in 1980 by reviving the erstwhile Bharatiya Jana Sangh. Building a strong and modern India is the main goal of this party. The BJP wants to promote cultural nationalism (or ‘Hindutva). This party wants full territorial and political integration of Jammu and Kashmir with India, a uniform civil code and a ban on religious conversions. It support base increased significantly in the 1990s. The Party came to power in 1998 and remained in power till 2004. This party stormed back to power in centre in 2014.

1) Landless rural labourers : More days of work and better wages local school is able to provide quality education for their children there is no social discrimination and they too can become leaders in the village
2) prosperous farmers; assured high family income through higher support price for their crops and through hard working and cheap labourers  they should be able to settle their children abroad
3) Farmers who depend only on rain for growing crops; The farmer wants more rain to increase his production and wants more income from his crops
4) A rural woman from a land owning family: The woman want to grow crops in her land by keeping agriculture labourers with less wages
5) Urban unemployed youth; He want to get job and a family.
6) a boy from a rich urban family: He want to start a business and earn money
7) A girl from a rich urban family: she wants freedom like boy and she want to get marry with a nice person
8) An adivasi from mining fields: He wants to save forests from mining
9) person from fishing community in the coastal areas: He wants more fishes to capture in the net and earn more money
10) A government employ; He want to get retirement and want to take pension and enjoy the life

Head of State

Government 

Cabinet 

Legislative Body

(1) In a modern state a centralised power exercised sovereign control over a clearly defined territory. It had been developing over a long period of time in Europe.
(2) A nation state was one in which the majority of its citizens and not only its rulers, came to develop a sense of common identity and shared history or descent.
(3) This commonness was forged through struggles, through the actions of the leaders and the common people and did not exist from time immemorial.

National development

Explanation:

• National development is the one of the development, which is defined as the ability of the nation for improving the citizens lives. And the evaluation or measures of the improvement might be material like an increase in the GDP (termed as or stand for Gross Domestic Product) or social like healthcare availability and literacy rates.
• The aspects involve in the nation development like economic, social and political. In short, it is defined as the change in growth as well as development, which comprise of cultural, economic and social change.
• So, in this case, that different person have different and conflicting notions of development of country. Therefore, discuss the National development.

FEDERALISM is practiced in India by, The creation of Linguistic States was the first and a major test for democratic politics in our country. In 1947, the boundaries of several old States were changed in order to create new States. This was done to ensure that people who spoke the same language lived in the same State.

A n s w e r : USA ,japan and Belgium 

In a unitary form of government, all the power is exercised by only one government. For example

USA ,japan and Belgium 

The World Development Report, 2012, brought out by the World Bank has given the following criteria in classifying countries :
(I) Rich or High income countries : Countries with the per capita income of US $12276 per annum and above in 2010, are called rich countries.
(ii) Poor or Low income countries: The countries with the per capita income of US $ 1005 or less, are called low income countries.
India comes in the category of low middle income countries because its per capita income in 2010 was just US $ 1340.4 per annum. The rich countries, excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small countries, are generally called the developed countries.