Gandhi had made certain demands on behalf of the whole of the Indian National Congress to the British Government. When these demands were not fulfilled, the Civil Disobedience Movement was launched in 1930. The following are four important features of the movement:

1. The movement began with Gandhi’s march from Sabarmati to the coastal town of Dandi in Gujarat. On 6th April, Gandhi reached Dandi where he broke the Salt Law in defiance of the British, by making salt from sea water.  

2. All classes and categories of people were now asked to not only be uncooperative of the British regime but also break unjust colonial laws.  

3. As soon as the movement started, all important leaders including Gandhi and Nehru were arrested. In all, 90,000 people were arrested and 67 newspapers were banned. 

4. During the movement, salt was manufactured in many areas, foreign cloth was boycotted, liquor shops were picketed and peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes. A large number of village officials also resigned and forest laws were violated on a large scale. 

The government started negotiations with Gandhi (who was in jail) to bring an end to the Civil Disobedience Movement. This resulted in the signing of a pact between Lord Irwin, the Viceroy of India and Gandhi which came to be known as the “Gandhi Irwin Pact”.

Major forms of power sharing in modern democracy are:

• Power sharing among different Organs of the Government: In democracy, power is shared among Legislature, Executive and Juduciary.This is known as distribution of power. No organ of the governemnt can e P xcercise unlimited power as each ower sharing among different Organs of the Government organ checks the others.
• Governments at different levels: In federal form of government, power is shared between the central and state governments. In India there is another lower level of government -local self government.This is called vertical division of government.
• Social Groups: Power may also be shared among different social groups such as religious and linguistic groups. In India, there are constitutional and legal arrangements whereby socially weaker sections and women are represented in the legislatures and administration.
• Division of power between political parties, pressure groups and movements: Political parties are the organisations which aim to control power by contesting elections. In a democracy, citizens have the freedom to choose among the various contenders for power. When no party gets a majority, two or more parties come together to form a governemnt. In a democracy, pressure and interest groups also have an indirect share in the governemnt's power.

There are many economic as well as non-economic factors which contribute to the human development.

i ). Living a long and health life. 

ii ). To have education, information and knowledge.

iii). Enjoying a decent standard of living.

iv). Enjoying basic fundamental rights like freedom, security, education etc.

v ). To have equality and enjoyment of human rights.

(i)Louis XVI was from the Bourbon family of kings, who  ascended the throne of France In 1774.
(ii)He was 20 years old when he got married to the Austrian princess Marie Antoinette.
(iii)Under Louis XVI, France helped the thirteen American colonies to gain their independence from the common enemy, Britain.

Though only 25 of the world’s 192 countries have federal political systems, their citizens make up 40 per cent of the world’s population. Most of the large countries of the world are federations.

(i) In 1845 the Silesian weavers revolted against contractors who supplied them raw material and gave them orders for finished textiles but drastically reduced their payments.
(ii) Dissatisfied and resented weavers emerged from their homes on 4 June and marched in pairs up to the mansion of their contractor demanding higher wages.
(iii) When the contractor showed reluctance, a group of them forced their way into the house, smashed its elegant window panes, furniture, porcelain, etc.
(iv) Another group broke into the store house and plundered it of supplies of cloth which they tore to shreds.
(v) The contractor fled with his family to a neighbouring village which ultimately refused to shelter such a person. He returned 24 hours later having requisitioned the army. In the exchange that followed, eleven weavers were shot.

i) Romantic artists and poets created a sense of shared collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a nation.

(ii) It was through folk songs, folk poetry, and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation was popularised.

(iii) Emphasis was given on the vernacular language and the collection of folklore, to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences

The effects of revolutionary upheaval in France in 1830 were: 

(i) The Bourbon dynasty, which was restored in 1815, was overthrown by liberal revolutionaries. 

(ii) A constitutional monarchy was installed with Louis Philippe as its head. 

(iii) An uprising was seen in Brussels, which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of Netherlands.

       The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830. The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries, who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head. Matternich once remarked, "When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold." The July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away from the united kingdoms of the Netherlands.

The French Revolution in 1789 was an influential event that marked the age of revolutions in Europe. The major outcome of the revolution was the formation of a constitutional monarchy and a sizeable reduction in the royal and feudal privileges.

It paved the way for the achievement of bigger goals of national identity and national pride, which can be aptly called nationalism.

The revolutionaries referred to France as la patrie or the fatherland, where all citizens, known as le citoyen, enjoyed equal rights under the constitution. The revolutionaries tried to establish a collective French identity for the people by adopting French flag, composing nationalistic songs and hymns, discouraging the use of regional dialects and adopting French as the common language of France.

The French Revolution had its impact on the administration as well.

• A body of active citizens, elected the Estates General and renamed it the National Assembly.
• A centralised administrative system was created formulating uniform laws for all French citizens.
• All internal custom duties and dues were abolished.
• A uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.

The metric system was founded by France in 1791. The French revolutionaries also took it upon themselves to help other European countries to overcome autocracy and form nations. The French armies were welcomed by European countries like Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and Italy in the 1790s.

July 1830

The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830. The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries, who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head. Matternich once remarked, "When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold." The July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away from the united kingdoms of the Netherlands.

Napoleon Bonaparte was an emperor of France. He ruled France from 1804 to 1814 and for a small period in 1815. He is called as the 'Child of the French Revolution'. 

He established The Napoleonic Code. It is also called the "French Civil Code of 1804" defined the concept of equality before the law and also secured the right to property. This code abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues as well as improvement in the Transport and communication systems.

The anti-imperialists opposed expansion, believing that imperialism violated the fundamental principle that just republican government must derive from "consent of the governed." 

The anti-imperial movements that developed everywhere were nationalist in the sense that they all struggled to form independent nation-states and were inspired by a sense of collective national unity, forged in confrontation with imperialism.

Major forms of power sharing in modern democracy are:

• Power sharing among different Organs of the Government: In democracy, power is shared among Legislature, Executive and Juduciary.This is known as distribution of power. No organ of the governemnt can e P xcercise unlimited power as each ower sharing among different Organs of the Government organ checks the others.
• Governments at different levels: In federal form of government, power is shared between the central and state governments. In India there is another lower level of government -local self government.This is called vertical division of government.
• Social Groups: Power may also be shared among different social groups such as religious and linguistic groups. In India, there are constitutional and legal arrangements whereby socially weaker sections and women are represented in the legislatures and administration.
• Division of power between political parties, pressure groups and movements: Political parties are the organisations which aim to control power by contesting elections. In a democracy, citizens have the freedom to choose among the various contenders for power. When no party gets a majority, two or more parties come together to form a governemnt. In a democracy, pressure and interest groups also have an indirect share in the governemnt's power.

Tertiary sector has become important in India because :
(i) Basic services like hospitals, education, post and telegraph, courts, etc. are the responsibility of the government in developing countries.
(ii) Demand for services such as transport, trade, storage will increase with the development of primary and secondary sectors.
(iii) Demand for tourism, shopping, private schools, private hospitals, etc. increases with the increase in the level of income.
(iv) Rapid growth of services sector also benefitted from external demand such as software industry and call centre services.
(v) Liberalisation of financial sector provided an environment for faster growth of financial services.

Tea requires a temperature ranging from 21°C to 29°C. Tea grows well in the regions which receive rainfall in between 150-200 cm. The soil should be well drained. However, stagnant water damages the tea crops.

Tea is the main beverage crop of India. Four geographical requirements for its growth are :

(a) The tea plant grows best in tropical and sub tropical climate.

(b) Tea bushes require warm and moist and frost free climate with temperature between 20°C to 30°C and annual rainfall of 150 to 250 cm.

(c) Frequent showers evenly distributed over the year ensure continuous growth of tender leaves.

(d) Deep, fertile, well-drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter are ideal for its growth.
Hence, gently rolling topography in uplands is favourable for its cultivation.

Secondary Sectors importance in Indian economy:
(i) The Secondary sector contributes more than 20% to the GDP of India.
(ii) It provides employment to the people.
(iii) It provides goods to the people like cloth, sugarcane, iron and steel.
(iv) The Secondary sector promotes the development of the Primary and the Tertiary sectors.
Economic development means over all development with increase in GDP and national income. Growing industrialization leads to economic development, due to development in industrial sector employment generates which leads to improvement in living standard of people and literacy rate, transportation, communication, equipment and machinery; infrastructure has also improved a lot due to industrialization and has contributed to economic development in India.

Developing countries are becoming a hub of MNCs because of the reason that these countries are most eager and are underway to develop and want to be on par with the developed countries. Thus these countries ease up their norms and regulations and try to attract these foreign companies to open up their business units in these developing nations. Thus, the profit and ease of doing business in these countries makes them a preferred location for MNCs. They Provide an inflow of capital into the developing country. E.g. the investment to build the factory is counted as a capital flow on the financial account of the balance of payments. This capital investment helps the economy develop and increase its productive capacity. The Harod Domar model of growth suggests that this level of investment is important for determining the level of economic growth.The inflows of capital help to finance a current account deficit. (foreign investment enables developing countries to buy imports).Multinational corporations provide employment. Although wages seem very low to us, people in developing countries often see these new jobs as preferable to working as a subsistence farmer with even lower income. Multinational firms may help improve infrastructure in the economy. They may improve the skills of their workforce. Foreign investment may stimulate spending in infrastructure such as roads and transport. Multinational firms help to diversify the economy away from relying on primary products and agriculture – which are often subject to volatile prices and supply.

Foreign trade provides opportunities for both producers and buyers to reach beyond the markets of their own countries. Goods travel from one country to another. Competition among producers of various countries as well as buyers prevails. Thus foreign trade leads to integration of markets across countries. For example, during Diwali season, buyers in India have the option of choosing between Indian and Chinese decorative lights and bulbs. So this provides an opportunity to expand business.