The actual meaning or substitute for word Jhumming is Shifting agriculture or Slash and Burn Agriculture.

Names used for calling in other countries are as follows :

Milpa in South America

Roy in Vietnam

Ladang in Indonesia

Chena or Chana in Srilanka

Masole in South Africa

Roca in Brazil

It is the form of cultivation in which on a tract of land trees are cut till the root and burnt so as to provide fertility to the soil. After using the land for five to six years the land loses its fertility so the same process is carried out on another tract of land

Primitive Subsistence Farming: This type of farming is practiced on small patches of land. Primitive tools and family/community labour are used in this type of farming. The farming mainly depends on monsoon and natural fertility of soil. Crops are grown as per the suitability of the environmental condition.

This is also called <i>‘slash and burn’</i> agriculture. A patch of land is cleared by slashing the vegetation and then the slashed plants are burnt. The ash; thus obtained is mixed with the soil and crops are grown.

This type of farming produces just enough crops to sustain the family. After a couple of seasons, the patch is left fallow and a new patch of land is prepared for farming. This allows the earlier patch of land to replenish its fertility through the natural process.

Black soils are derivatives of trapped lava. These are found mostly across Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Madhya Pradesh on the Deccan lava plateau and the Malwa Plateau, where there is both moderate rainfall and underlying basaltic rock.

(i) Tamils felt the government was not sensitive about Tamil language and culture. 

(ii) Tamils felt discriminated against in jobs and education. 

(iii) Tamils felt the government was practicing religious discrimination.

(iv) Relations between Tamils and Sinhalese became strained.

Nationalist tensions emerged in the Balkans because of the spread of ideas of romantic nationalism as also the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire that had previously ruled over this area. The different Slavic communities in the Balkans began to strive for independent rule. They were jealous of each other and every state wanted more territory, even at the expense of others. Also, the hold of imperial power over the Balkans made the situation worse. Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary all wanted more control over this area. These conflicts ultimately led to the First World War in 1914.

Gandhi put forward 11 demands to Irwin. They are: (1) Prohibit intoxicants, (2) Change the ratio between the rupee and the sterling, (3) Reduce the rate of land revenue, (4) Abolition of salt tax, (5) Reduce the military expenditure, (6) Reduce expenditure on civil administration, (7) Impose custom duty on foreign cloth, (8) Accept the Postal Reservation Bill, (9) Abolish the CID department, (10) Release all political prisoners, and (11) Issue licenses of arms to citizens for self-protection. Gandhi made it clear that if the 11 points are ignored, the only way out was civil disobedience. Then he proceeded out with the very famous Dandhi march.

Prudential Reasons: First, power sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. Since, social conflict often leads to violence and political instability, power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order. Imposing the will of majority community over minority community may look good in the short run but in the long run it undermines the unity of the nation.

Moral Reason: Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy. A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise, and who have to live with its effects. People have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed. A legitimate government is one where citizens through participation acquire a stake in the system.

UNDER globalisation, particularly after 1990, the farmers in India have been exposed to new challenges. Despite being an important producer of rice, cotton, rubber, tea, coffee and spices our agricultural products are not able to compete with the developed countries because of the highly subsidised agriculture in those countries. Today, Indian agriculture finds itself at the cross roads. To make agriculture successful and profitable, proper thrust should be given to the improvement of the condition of marginal and small farmers.

The Rowlatt Act came into effect on 18 March 1919. In Punjab the protest movement was very strong, and on 10 April two leaders of the congress, Dr. Satyapal and Saifuddin Kitchlew, were arrested and taken secretly to Dharamsala.

It is Prudential Reason

Prudential Reasons: First, power sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. Since, social conflict often leads to violence and political instability, power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order. Imposing the will of majority community over minority community may look good in the short run but in the long run it undermines the unity of the nation.

Moral Reason: Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy. A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise, and who have to live with its effects. People have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed. A legitimate government is one where citizens through participation acquire a stake in the system.

Politics deals with the ideas and principles that shape Constitutions, governments and social life in a systematic manner. It clarifies the meaning of concepts such as freedom, equality, justice, democracy, secularism and so on. It probes the significance of principles such as rule of law, separation of powers, judicial review, etc. 

The largest employment producing sector is agricultural sector..this is the lagest employment producing sector but contributed very less in GDP because more peopleigjt start wkrking there but production is comparerively low because

1.) Indian farmers donot familiar with the modern techniques.

2.) They didnot have any proper information about agriculture

3.) They didnot have a large area to cultivate crop

4) they did not have good capital to invest

5.) They doesnot know about programs like green revoulution etc.

The female figures as an allegory of the nation:

• Artists found a way out to represent a country in the form of a person.
• Then nations were portrayed as female figures.
• The female figure was chosen to personify the nation did not stand for any particular woman in real life.
• It gave the abstract idea of the nation a concrete form.
• Thus, the female figure became an allegory of the nation.
• During the French Revolution artists used the formal allegory to portray idea such as Liberty, Justice and the Republic.

Legislative powers are divided between the Union and state governments by the Constitution of India. The Constitution divided various areas of government jurisdiction into three lists.

1. The Union List containing areas like Defence, Foreign Affairs, Currency and Communications. These subjects are under the jurisdiction of the Union Government and only Parliament can pass laws on these subjects.
2. The State List containing subjects like Police, Social Services, Health etc. which are under the jurisdiction of the state governments. Only state legislatures can pass laws on these subjects.
3. The Concurrent List which contains items like Criminal Law, Forests, Population control in which both Parliament and state legislatures can pass laws. In case of any conflict between Union and state laws, the law passed by Parliament will prevail.

Nationalist tensions emerged in the Balkans because of the spread of ideas of romantic nationalism as also the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire that had previously ruled over this area. The different Slavic communities in the Balkans began to strive for independent rule. They were jealous of each other and every state wanted more territory, even at the expense of others. Also, the hold of imperial power over the Balkans made the situation worse. Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary all wanted more control over this area. These conflicts ultimately led to the First World War in 1914.

1. Limited participation of Dalits: Dalits participation in the civil Disobedience movement was very limited, particularly in Maharashtra and Nagpur region where their organization was quite strong.
2. No Participation of Muslims: Some of the Muslim political organizations in India were also Lukewarm in their response to the Civil Disobedience Movement. After Non-Cooperation-Khilafat movement Muslims felt alienated from the congress.
3. Dominant role of Sanatanis and Hindu Mahasabha: The role of Sanatanis and Hindu Mahasabha was very dominant. Due to the fear of Sanatanis the conservative high class Hindus, congress ignored the Dalits. Congress was very close to Hindu Mahasbha. Hindus Mahasabha strongly opposed the efforts of compromise between Congress and Muslim League.
4.  Clash between BR Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi: In 1930 Dr B R Ambedkar clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second-round table conference by demanding separate electorate for Dalits.
5. Participants have different aspirations: Participation had their own aspirations. There was a contrast between the demands of industrialist and working class. Contrast was also there in the demand of Rich peasants and poor peasants. United struggle was not there.

Bemocracy promote equality among citizen in many ways
1 democracy means by the people for the people and of the people
2 in democracy every citizen has equal rights
3 in democracy every citizen has equal to right vote

Alluri Sitaram Raju was the tribal peasant’s leader in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh. He claimed that he had a variety of special powers. He could make correct astrological predictions and heal people and he could survive even bullet shorts.
Role:

• Raju talked of the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi.

• Raju was inspired by the Non-Cooperation Movement.
• He persuaded people to wear khadi and gave up drinking.
• But at the same time, he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force, not by non-violence.
• The Gudem rebels attacked police station, attempted to kill British officials and carried
  on guerrilla warfare for achieving Swaraj.