The average size of holdings for 'all sizes' at all India level had shown a steady decline over all the censuses, while in 1970-71 it was 2.28 hectares, it came down to 2.00 hectares in 1976-77, 1.84 hectares in 1980-81, 1.69 hectares in 1985-86, 1.55 hectares in 1990-91, which further reduced to 1.41 hectares

Huynh Phu so was the founder of the movement named Hoa-Hao in Indo China. He performed miracles and helped the poor. His criticism against useless expenditure had wide appeal. He opposed the sale of child brides, gambling and the use of alcohol and opium. The French tried to suppress the movement inspired by him. They declared him mad and put him in a mental asylum. He was exiled to Laos. His followers were also arrested and placed in concentration camps.

Note : the nationalist movement in indo-china is deleted by cbse. it is not in syllabus

Factors responsible for the location in the Hugli basin are:
(i) Nearness of the jute producing areas.
(ii) Low-cost water transport, supported by a good network of railways, roadways and waterways to help the movement of raw material to the mills.
(iii) Abundant water for processing raw jute.
(iv) Cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh.
(v) Kolkata as an urban centre provides banking, insurance and port facilities for export of jute goods.

Human development index (HDI) is a better indicator than per captia income for many reasons :

1.Any increase in the per captia income can be due to the use modern capital

intensive technology which is labour displacing in nature and thus adversely affecting the poor.

2.Per captia income ignores non material things like happiness index security health  literarcy rate etc. though they may be more important for a human it is not a reliable source of economic index.more over the distribution of the per captia income makes the rich richer and poor poorer

On the other hand human development index (HDI) computes all the things essential for a development of a country rather than focusing only on economic aspect  

Globalisation is defined as the integration between countries through foreign trade and foreign investments by multinational corporations (MNCs). Increase in foreign trade, migration of people from one country to another, the flow of capital finance from one country to another and private and public investments from foreign countries all together contribute to globalisation.

Final goods are those goods which have crossed the boundary line of production and are ready for use by the final consumers. Say for example milk used by the consumer for self-consumption. Only final goods are included in the estimation of national income.

Different social groups joined the Civil Disobedience Movement. Three of them are listed below.

• Rich peasant communities like Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh - joined the movement because, being producers of commercial crops, they were hard-hit by depression and falling prices. For them, Swaraj meant struggle against high revenues.
• Poor peasants joined the struggle because they found it difficult to pay the rent. They wanted the unpaid rent to be remitted.
• Rich business classes were against colonial policies which restricted trade. They joined the movement because they wanted protection against import of foreign goods. They thought that Swaraj would cancel colonial restrictions and trade would flourish without constraints.

The political conditions of Europe as follows :
(i) The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe.
(ii) In most countries, there were more job seekers than employment. Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.
(iii) Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine made goods from England, where industrialisation was more advanced than on the continent.
(iv) In these regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.
(v) The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country.

The sector are classified into public and private sector on the basis of ownership of enterprises

The three economic sectors can be further classified under the Public and Private sector on the basis of who owns the assets and who is responsible for delivering the services.

1:In Public sector, the government owns most of the assets and provides all the services.

2:In the Private sector, ownership of assets and delivery of services is in the hands of private individual or companies.

In the 1800s, nationalist feelings were strong in the hearts of the middle-class Germans. They united in 1848 to create a nation-state out of the numerous German States. But the monarchy and the military got together to repress them and they gained support from the landowners of Prussia (the Junkers) too. Prussia soon became the leader of the German unification movement. Its Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck was the architect of the process with support from Prussian army and Prussian bureaucracy. The unification process was completed after Prussia won wars with Austria, Denmark, and France over seven years time. In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed the German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.

I agree with the point  a) the policy of accommodation has strengthened national unity.

If the policy of accommodation was not followed, and states were not created on linguistic basis, there would have been further partition of India. For example, imposition of Hindi as the national language would have led the South to break away from the North and Tamil Nadu would have become an independent nation.

(1) Under horizontal distribution of power, power is shared among different organs of the government such as legislature, executive and judiciary. This system is also called system of ‘checks and balances’.
(2) Reasons :
(i) All three organs of the government are placed at the same level.
(ii) The power distribution ensures that no organ enjoys unlimited powers.
(iii) Each organ exercises a check on the others. Thus, this results in a balance of power.

Poland had been partitioned at the end of the 18th century by the Great Powers—Russia, Prussia and Austria. Even though Poland no longer existed as an independent territory, nationalist feelings were kept alive through music and language. Karol Kurpinski, celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols

• Nationalist sentiments were often organised by conservatives for promoting state power and achieving political domination over Europe. This can be noted in the process by which Germany and Italy came to be unified as nation-states
• Middle-class Germans tried to unite the different regions of German Confederation, but their plans were not took place due to actions of large landowners called Junkers of Prussia.
• The unification process was concluded after Prussia won wars with Austria, Denmark, and France over seven years time.
• In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was indicated the German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles. Three wars over the span of seven years with Austria, Denmark and France ended in a Prussian victory. In Jan 1871, Prussian King William I was proclaimed German emperor.
• More importance was given to modernising the currency, banking, legal and judicial systems in Germany.

The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement in 1848 because most of the liberals were against the view of extending political rights to women.But few of them were in favour.
Right to vote was denied to women. Moreover, the Napoleonic Code went back to limited suffrage and reduced women to the status of a minor, subject to the authority of fathers and husbands.This clearly revealed political conflicts due to gender differences.