NAPOLEON had brought revolutionary changes in the administrative field :

1. The Napoleon Civil Code of 1804 did away with all privileges based on birth and established equality before the law.
2. Secured the right of property.
3. Abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
4. Napoleon simplified administrative divisions;
5. In the towns, guild restrictions were removed.

Black soil is formed by the weathering or breaking of igneous rocks and also by the cooling or solidification of lava from the volcano eruption. Therefore, it is also called as the lava soil. As per the name, black soil is black in colour and is most abundantly found in Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and in some southern parts of India, including the Godavari and near to the Krishna valleys.

Black soil are rich in Calcium, Carbonate, Potash and hold moisture, hence it is found sticky when it is wet and cracks when it is dry. As discussed, back soil is formed from the volcano eruption, which is very much fertile and best suitable for intensive agriculture.

Resource planning is the judicious use of resources. Resource planning becomes more important in a country like India, where resources are not distributed properly. For example; many states are rich in mineral and deficient in other resources, such as Jharkhand is rich in minerals, but there is problem of drinking water and other facilities, Arunachal Pradesh has plenty of water but lack of other development because of lack of resources.

Wheat: The crop requires 50-75 cm of annual rainfall equally distributed throughout the growing season,  cool growing season and bright sunshine at the time of ripening. Two states which lead in the production of wheat are Punjab and Haryana.

• In this agriculture, farmers clear a patch of land and produce cereals and other crops to sustain their families.
• When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation.
• This type of shifting allows nature to replenish the fertility of the soil through natural processes.
  Land productivity in this type of agriculture is low, as the farmers do not use fertilisers or any modern inputs.

Satyagraha according to Gandhi was a unique weapon to fight injustice. It was a novel method of mass agitation. It stressed on the principle of truth, non-violence, tolerance and peaceful protests. Gandhi had already organised a successful satyagraha movement in South Africa. He also organised it successfully at Champaran in Bihar, Kheda in Gujarat and Ahmedabad in Gujarat.

Rabi crops are known as winter crops. They are grown in October or November. The crops are then harvested in spring. These crops require frequent irrigation because these are grown in dry areas. Wheat, gram, barley are some of the rabi crops grown in India.

Following are some of the examples of rabi crops:

• Wheat
• Barley
• Oats
• Pulses
• Mustard
• Linseed

Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country. Usually, a federation has two levels of government. One is the government for the entire country that is usually responsible for a few subjects of common national interest. The others are governments at the level of provinces or states that look after much of the day-to-day administering of their state. Both these levels of governments enjoy their power independent of the other.

• Underemployment or disguised unemployment: A situation where there are more people in agriculture than necessary. So, even if you move a few people out, production will not be affected. It is called underemployment.
  This kind of underemployment is hidden in contrast to someone who does not have a job and is clearly visible as unemployed. Hence, it is also called disguised unemployment.
• Seasonal unemployment: When people are unemployed for a particular season, it is called as seasonal unemployment. For example, if farmers are ploughing land only for rabi season, then they become unemployed for the rest of the seasons.

After the failure of First Round Table Conference efforts were made by the Government to make an agreement that the congress would attend the next Round Table Conference.
The Viceroy, Lord Irwin, was authorised to hold talks with Mahatma Gandhi.
Finally, Gandhi and Irwin made an agreement on 5 March 1931. The agreement is called Gandhi-Irwin pact .

By this pact Government agreed to release most of the civil disobedience volunteers, against whom there was no allegation of violence. The Congress suspended the Civil Disobedience Movement and agreed to participate in the second Round Table Conference.

(i) In a federation, there are two or more levels (or tiers) of government.
(ii) Different levels of government govern the same citizens, but the subjects over which they can make laws are clearly specified in the three lists—Union, State and Concurrent.
(iii)The fundamental provisions of the Constitution cannot be amended unilaterally by any one level of government. They have to be approved by both the levels of the government.
(iv) In case of a dispute between the different levels of government in the exercise of their powers, the courts interpret the Constitution to decide upon the dispute.

The ethnic composition of Belgium is very complex because in that country Dutch speaking people are in majority ( 59 %), while French and German speaking are respectively 40% and 1%. The French live in the Wallonia region and the Dutch lives in flemish region. While this is the case in the country, the capital, Brussels has French speaking people as the majority ( 80%) and Dutch 20%.

The French revolution took place in the year 1789.  

The introduction of liberal ideas of change affected many nations in various ways. In Europe, the French revolution directed a series of wars between several nations and the French because of the rise of the French army leader Napoleon Bonaparte. For instance, Europe was wracked by two decades of conflict rotating around France's attempts to expand its revolutionary goals, and the resistance of conservative authority, led by Austria and Britain. And a war broke out at the time when Prussia and Austria invaded France.

(i) An equitable distribution of resources has become essential for a sustained quality of life and global peace.
(ii) If the present trend of resource depletion by a few individuals and countries continues, the future of our planet is in danger.
(iii) Therefore, resource planning is essential for sustainable existence of all forms of life. Sustainable existence is a component of sustainable development.

The factors which have enabled globalisation in India are
(i) During the past ,50 years, several improvements in technology have taken place. For example, in transportation technology, containers are now used for the transportation of goods. This has led to huge reduction in cost and increase in speed in reaching the markets.
(ii)Telecommunication facilities are used to contact one another around the world and to communicate from remote areas. Internet enables us to send instant electronic mail and talk across the world at negligible costs.
(iii) The Government of India has removed barriers or restrictions to trade set earlier. This step, called liberalisaHon, ha enabled goods and services to be exported and imported easily.
Multinationals lave been allowed to set-up factories and offices in India. Due to this, there is greater integration of poduction and markets across countries.

Economic liberalisation means reducing government interference in economic activities and removing trade and business barriers.

Liberalisation of trade and investment policies helped the globalisation process in the following ways :
(a) Businesses are free to make decisions for foreign import and export.
(b) Foreign companies could easily set up factories and industries in a country after
liberalisation.

World Trade organisation (WTO) is an international body , which aims at liberalising international trade . it was started at the initiative of the developed countries .
1. WTO establishes rules and regulation international trade.
2. It sees that the members countries obey these rules and
3. 149 countries of the world are currently members of the WTO (2006).

Initially, three states; Assam, Nagaland and Jammu & Kashmir were granted special status but from 1974-1979, five more states were added under the special category. These include Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Sikkim and Tripura.

In 1990, with the addition of Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram, the states increased to 10. The state of Uttarakhand was given special category status in 2001.

Note: Jammu and Kashmir enjoyed a special status as per Article 370 and also Special Category Status. But now that Article 35A has been scrapped and it has become a union territory with legislature, SCS doesn't apply to J&K anymore.