By the last quarter of the nineteenth century nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal-democratic sentiment of the first half of the century, but became a narrow creed with limited ends. During this period nationalist groups became increasingly intolerant of each other and ever ready to go to war. The major European powers, in turn, manipulated the nationalist aspirations of the subject peoples in Europe to further their own imperialist aims. The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called the Balkans. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs. A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive. All through the nineteenth century the Ottoman Empire had sought to strengthen itself through modernisation and internal reforms but with very little success. One by one, its European subject nationalities broke away from its control and declared independence. The Balkan peoples based their claims for independence or political rights on nationality and used history to prove that they had once been independent but had subsequently been subjugated by foreign powers.

We need decentralization because:

1) People have better knowledge of problems in their localities.

2)They also have better ideas on where to spend money and how to manage things more efficiently.

3)At the local level it is possible for the people to directly participate in decision making.

i) The democratically elected government adopted a series of majoritariansim measures to establish Sinhala supremacy.
ii) In 1956, an Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official language, thus disregarding Tamil.
iii) The governments followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs.
iv) A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism.

In systematic geography a phenomenon is studied world over s a whole and then the identification of typologies or spatial patterns is done.We study about Physical geography and Human geography in systematic approach.

Regional geography is the study of  geographical factors of an area.It means one can start with a region ,a state,or a river basins and then study it from different approaches.

The main sub branches of Regional geography are:1.Regional studies,2.Regional Analysis, 3. Regional development,4. Regional planning.

 Sri Lanka has a diverse population. The Sinhalese community forms the majority of the population (74%) with Tamils (18%) who are mostly concentrated in the north and east of the island, forming the largest ethnic minority. Other communities include the Muslims. Among Tamils, there are two sub-groups. The Tamil natives of the country are called ‘Sri Lankan Tamils’ (13 %). The Tamils, who were brought as indentured labourers from India by British colonists to work on estate plantations are called the ‘Indian Origin Tamils’ (5%). Most of the Sinhala-speaking people are Buddhists, while most of the Tamils are Hindus or Muslims. There are about 7 per cent Christians, who are both Tamil and Sinhalese.

Need for transport in human body:

1. Transport of food to all the parts and cells of our body helps our body to grow and develop.
2. Transport of oxygen to the cells of our body system helps in performing the respiration and also to perform all the functions of metabolism.
3. The waste and toxic materials that are produced by our body are transported to our kidney which helps in excretion of these wastes in the form of urine and faeces.

The new culture of power sharing developed after 1990 with the rise of regional parties in many states.

• The culture marked the beginning of coalition era.

• The Era of Coalition Government implies that if no single party gets a cfear cut majority in the Lok Sabha, then the major national parties enter into an alliance with many parties including regional parties to form a government at the centre.

India is a federal country. It has governments at both-central and the state levels. 

• After Independence, there were only few parties which formed governments at the centre and at the state levels. When rival parties formed the Government at the state level, the Central Government tried to misuse its powers by dismissing the State Governments. This weakened the federal spirit of our constitution.
• However, the condition improved after 1990 when many regional parties emerged in different states.
• This also marked the beginning of the coalition government. Two or more parties formed the Government at the centre in the absence of a clear majority. This led to a new era of power sharing and respecting the independent working of the State Governments.

A n s w e r

Power sharing good for democracy because of the following reasons :

• It reduces the possibility of conflicts between two social groups
• It is a good way to ensure the stability of political order
• It is an essential feature of democracy

Kabir had an important place in the poet-saints. His teachings are as follows:
(i)    He described the ultimate reality as Allah, Khuda, Hazrat and Pir. He also used terms like aulakh (the unseen) and nirakar (the formless). These words.were drawn from Vedantic traditions.
(ii)    He repudiated idol-worship and polytheism.
(iii) He emphasised the Sufi concept of zikr and ishq (love) to express the Hindu practices of nam-simaran (remembrance of God’s name).
(iv)    He believed that God was one though his names are different.
(v)    He referred to God as formless.
(vi)    He stated that salvation can be attained through Bhakti.
Guru Nanak Dev Ji and his teachings : Baba Guru Nanak was born in 1469, at Nankana Sahib near the river Ravi. This place is now in Pakistan. He was bom in a Hindu family. He learnt Persian, Arabic, Hindi and Mathematics. Me travelled widely. He spent most of his time in the company of Sufi saints and Bhaktas. His main teachings are as follows :
(i) He advocated nirguna bhakti. He firmly repudiated and rejected the religious practices like sacrifices, ritual baths, idol worship and austerities.
(ii) He rejected the scriptures of both Hindus and Muslims.
(iii) He stated that the Almighty or rub had no gender or form.
(iv) He proposed that all his followers should connect to the Divine by remembering and repeating the Divine name.
In fact, Guru Nanak Dev expressed his ideas through hymns called “shabads”. He expressed all his views in Punjabi, the language of the region. He recited his “shabads” in various ragas.

 Following steps can be taken to create more employment :—
(i) Increase in irrigation facilities :- Without irrigation only a single crop is grown in most agricultural fields. It means less working opportunities, but if irrigation is provided two or three crops can be grown on the same field. So more people will be employed.
(ii) Improved Roads and Transportation :- If village roads are better built, good transportation facilities are provided then, surplus produce could be sold in city market.This would fetch more income.
(iii) Provide them easy loan :- If people are provided easy bank loans then they could start small business which will make them self dependent.

Belgium Government understood the existence of different views and ideology that existed there and realised that development of country is possible only by respecting the views of all people of different communities.

It was complex because ,

• Both communities had equal representation in central government.
• Brussels has its own government , in which also both communities have equal rights.
• Many power of central government was given to state government.
• State government was no longer subordinate to central government.
• A third form of government named Community government was also formed.
• A law to be passed required the support of majority of members of both linguistic group.

The 1848 revolution of the liberals refers to the various national movements pioneered by educated middle classes alongside the revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving peasants and workers in Europe. While in countries like France, food shortages and widespread unemployment during 1848 led to popular uprisings, in other parts of Europe (such as Germany, Italy, Poland, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire), men and women of the liberal middle classes came together to voice their demands for the creation of nation-states based on parliamentary principles. The political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals were:

•  Politically, they demanded constitutionalism with national unification, nation-state with a written constitution and parliamentary administration.
•  Socially, they wanted to rid society of its class-based partialities and birthrights. Serfdom and bonded labor had to be abolished.
•  Economically they demanded freedom of markets and right to property. The abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movements of goods and capital.

“Centre-State relations” of Indian Federalism constitute the core of federalism and they are regulated by the provisions of the Constitution.
(i) The division of powers between the Union and the States, as given in the Indian Constitution has a strong bias in favour of the Centre. Various kinds of restrictions are imposed upon the states.
(ii) Administrative relations. The Indian Constitution is based on the principle that the executive power is co-extensive with the Legislative power i.e., Union and state executives can deal with all matters on which legislature legislates.
(iii) In the administrative affairs also the centre acquires control over states through All India Services, Grant-in-Aid etc.
Hence, restructuring of the centre-state relations is one more way in which federalism has been strengthened in practice.

A Political Party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. They agree on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promote the collective good. Parties reflect fundamental political divisions in a society. 
The characteristics of a political party are
(i) Political parties contest elections and share power.
(ii) They agree on some policies and programmes for the society to promote collective good.
(iii) If a political party is unable to win a majority, it makes an alliance with other parties to form a Coalition Government.
(iv) Political parties try to persuade people that their policies are better than others.
The above characteristics show that political parties are necessary for a democracy.

Democracies lead to peaceful harmonious life among citizens:
1. No society has a permanent solution for the differences that can come up between various groups in it.
2. But democracy provides the opportunity to negotiate the differences and decide on what is better for everyone.
3. Non-democratic regimes usually just ignore the internal problems or suppress it.
4. Democracy ensures inclusion of every group including minorities and its interests in the decision making.
5. Democracy reduces the chances of differences or conflicts becoming violent.