1)   It is evident that globalisation increases foreign investment and job opportunities in developing countries. But it has its own pros and cons.
 
2)  Globalisation is a failure for large number of small producers and workers as they could not cope up with advanced technology utilised by MNCs. Small manufacturers, job workers, etc who supply accessories to such MNCs could not avail full benefit from them
 
3)  Economic disparities increase as only the well to do or wealthy people can buy products produced by foreign companies. The middle class buying society are either ignored or do not have the ability to buy such products produced by global companies

4) Moreover, in regard to employment opportunities only the skilled labour force who are educated and possess the talent to do the job offered by MNCs can avail employment while rest of the unskilled labour have to go without work or take up the jobs that come on their way for their living
 

Negative effects of liberalisation and globalisation are:
(i) Tremendous redistribution of economic power and political power leads to destabilising effects on the economy.
(ii) Rapid increase in technology forces enterprises to adapt to changes, or close their businesses.
(iii) Competition has increased for Indian firms.
(iv) Threat from multinational corporations.
(v) Acquisitions and mergers are increasing day-by-day.

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India has the world's largest area under sugarcane. This crop is the main source of sugar, gur and khandsari and holds a pre-eminent position as a cash crop in the country. It accounts for the largest value of production amongst all commercial crops. India stands next only to Brazil in the production of sugarcane and accounts for nearly one-fifth of the world cane production.

Pulses: India is the largest producer of pulses in the world. It is also the largest consumer of pulses. Pulses are usually produced in rotation with other crops. UP, MP, Rajasthan and Karnataka are the major pulse-producing states.

Maize: Maize is used both as food and fodder. It grows well in old alluvial soil and requires a temperature range of 21°-27°C. Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh are the major maize-producing states.

Millets: Jowar, bajra and ragi are the important millets grown in India. Millets are known as coarse grains, but they have very high nutritional value.

1. Jowar: Maharashtra is the largest producer of jowar; followed by Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Jowar grows in moist areas and hardly needs irrigation.
2. Bajra: Bajra grows well on sandy soil and shallow black soil. Rajasthan is the largest producer of bajra; followed by Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana.
3. Ragi: Ragi grows in dry regions on red, black, sandy loamy and shallow black soils. Karnataka is the largest producer of ragi; follower by Tamil Nadu.

Wheat: Wheat is the main food crop in north and north-western parts of India. Wheat needs 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall which should be evenly distributed over the growing season. The Ganga-Sutlej plains in the northwest and black soil region of Deccan are the two important wheat-growing zones in India. Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and parts of Madhya Pradesh are the important wheat producing regions.

Rice: India is the second largest producer of rice; after China. It requires high temperature (above 25°C), high humidity and annual rainfall above 100 cm. However, it can be grown with the help of suitable irrigation in areas of less rainfall. Rice is grown in the northern plains, northeast India, coastal areas and deltaic regions. Now-a-days, rice is also grown in Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh and in parts of Rajasthan. This has been possible because of development of a dense network of canals.

Zaid: The zaid season falls in between the rabi and kharif seasons. Watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops are some of the crops grown in this season. Sugarcane is planted in this season but takes almost a year to grow.

Rabi: Rabi crops are also known as winter crops. They are sown from October to December and harvested from April to June. Wheat, barley, pea, gram and mustard are the important rabi crops. Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhan and Uttar Pradesh are the important producers of rabi crops.

Kharif: Kharif crops are also known as summer crops. They are sown at the beginning of monosoon and harvested in September-October. Paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur, moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soyabean are important kharif crops. Assam, West Bengal, coastal regions of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar are important rice growing states. In Assam, West Bengal and Orissa; three crops of paddy are grown in a year. These are called Aus, Aman and Boro.

Rabi season:

• Crops sown in winters and harvested in summers.
• Some of the important rabi crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard.
• States growing rabi crops are: Punjab, Haryana, Himachal, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh.

Kharif season:

• Crops grown with the onset of monsoons and harvested in September or October.
• Important Kharif growing states are: Assam, West Bengal, coastal regions of Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Maharashtra.
• Crops grown during this season are: rice, maize, jowar, bajra, tur, moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soyabean.

Zaid season:

• It falls in between the rabi and kharif seasons.
• It’s a short season during the summer months.
• Major crops grown are: watermelon, muskmelon, cucumbers, vegetables and fodder crops.

Factors that play an important role in the development of plantation agriculture are:

1.It requires large tracts of land, capital intensive inputs and availability of cheap labourers.

2.A well developed transport network and communication are essential to connect the plantation areas, processing industries and markets.

A plantation is the large-scale farmland meant for farming mainly cash crops for international market.

Characteristics of plantation farming are:

• In plantation farming single crops of tea, sugarcane, coffee, rubber, cotton and bananas are grown on large fields.
• Large labour force and capital is required in plantations.
• Developed transportation is required to transport these crops to factories for processing.
• Latest technology and modern methods of agriculture are used. In this kind of cultivation, crops are mainly exported and earn foreign exchange. Tea, coffee, sugarcane, rubber etc are some crops which are cultivated.

Commercial farming is a type of farming under which farmers grow crops to sell in the market. Features:-
(i) Farmers use higher doses of modern inputs, e.g., high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides etc.
(ii) The per hectare productivity is very high.
(iii) Rice, sugarcane, tea, coffee are the major crops which are grown under this.

After the failure of First Round Table Conference efforts were made by the Government to make an agreement that the congress would attend the next Round Table Conference.

The Viceroy, Lord Irwin, was authorised to hold talks with Mahatma Gandhi.

Finally, Gandhi and Irwin made an agreement on 5 March 1931. The agreement is called Gandhi-Irwin pact .

By this pact Government agreed to release most of the civil disobedience volunteers, against whom there was no allegation of violence. The Congress suspended the Civil Disobedience Movement and agreed to participate in the second Round Table Conference.

Unorganized workers (UW) in India have increased many folds post independence. Around 52% of UW’s are engaged in agriculture & allied sector and they constitute more than 90% of the labour work force. UW also contributes 50% to GDP (according to National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector i.e NCEUS). So it is of utmost importance to look into the plight of this poverty-stricken and downtrodden class of India.

• Prudential Reason: Power sharing helps in reducing the conflict between various social groups. Hence, power sharing is necessary for maintaining social harmony and peace. In India, seats are reserved for the weaker sections of society. Example: reservation of seats for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. This allows the weaker sections also to participate in the running of the Government.
•  Moral Reason: It upholds the spirit of democracy. In a truly democratic setup, the citizens too have a stake in governance. In India, the citizens can come together to debate and criticise the policies and decisions of the government. This, in turn, puts pressure on the government to rethink its policies and reconsider its decisions.

The creation of Linguistic States was the first and a major test for democratic politics in our country. In 1947, the boundaries of several old States of India were changed in order to create new States. This was done to ensure that people who spoke the same language lived in the same State. Some States were created not on the basis of language but to recognise differences based on culture, ethnicity or geography. 

These include States like Nagaland, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand. When the demand for the formation of States on the basis of language was raised, some national leaders feared that it would lead to the disintegration of the country. The Central Government resisted linguistic States for some time. But the experience has shown that the formation of linguistic States has actually made the country, more united. It has also made administration easier. 

After an industrial activity starts in a town, urbanisation follows. Industry provides employment to the people of the area. Population migrates from rural hinterlands to seek jobs, Housing and transport facilities are developed to accommodate these people. Other infrastructural developments take place leading to growth and development of the town into a city.
Sometimes, industries are located in or near the cities. Cities provide markets and services such as banking, insurance, transport, labour, consultants and financial advice, etc. to the industry. Thus, industrialisation and urbanisation go hand in hand.

Production is different today than the middle of the 20th century in the sense that production is now globalized. Hence, different parts of same production process can be undertaken in different countries. For example, a corporation like Apple designs in phones and computers in California, USA but manufactures them in China. 

Alluri Sitaram Raju was the tribal peasant’s leader in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh. He claimed that he had a variety of special powers. He could make correct astrological predictions and heal people and he could survive even bullet shorts.
Role:

• Raju talked of the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi.

• Raju was inspired by the Non-Cooperation Movement.
• He persuaded people to wear khadi and gave up drinking.
• But at the same time, he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force, not by non-violence.
• The Gudem rebels attacked police station, attempted to kill British officials and carried
  on guerrilla warfare for achieving Swaraj.

A political party has three components, viz. :

(i) The Leaders: Who formulate policies and programs of the party and choose candidates for contesting elections.

(ii) The Active Members: Who are involved in different committees of the party and participate directly in their activity.

(iii) The Followers: Who believe in the party’s ideology and support the party by casting their votes in favor of the party at the time of the election.

• Political parties are easily one of the most visible institutions in a democracy.
• For most ordinary citizens, democracy is equal to political parties.
• Political parties in a populated country like India helped in forming the government and have become omnipresent in democracies all over the world.

Land resources are used for the following purposes:

(i)Forests

(ii)Land not available for cultivation: 

(a) Barren and waste land

(b) Land put to non-agricultural uses, e.g. buildings, roads, factories, etc.

(iii)Other uncultivated land (excluding fallow land): 

(a) Permanent pastures and grazing land,

(b) Land under miscellaneous tree crops groves (not included in net sown area),

(c) Cultruable waste land (left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years).

(iv)Fallow lands: 

(a) Current fallow-(left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year),

(b) Other than current fallow-(left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural years).

(v)Net sown area: 

Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area is known as gross cropped area.