1)  Gandhiji launched nationwide satyagraha against Rowlatt Act in 1919. This Act had been hurriedly passed despite the united opposition of Indian members. 
2)  This Act gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities, and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. 
3)  Rallies were organized in various cities, workers went on strike in railway workshops, and shops closed down. 
4)  Alarmed by the popular upsurge, and scared that lines of communication such as telegraph and railways would be disrupted, the British administration decided to clamp down on nationalists. 
5)  On 10th April, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession provoking widespread attacks on banks, post offices and railway stations. Martial law was imposed and General Dyer took command. 
6)  After the brutal killing and massacre of Jallianwala Bagh, violence spread nationwide and as a result, Mahatma Gandhi called off this Rowalatt Satyagraha movement 

Some of the key features of federalism system are:

1. There are two or more levels (or tiers) of government.
2. Different tiers of government govern the same citizens, but each tier has its own JURISDICTION in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration.
3. The existence and authority of each tier of government is constitutionally guaranteed.
4. The fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of government. Such changes require the consent of both the levels of government.
5. Courts have the power to interpret the constitution and the powers of different levels of government.
6. Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified to ensure its financial autonomy.
7. The federal system has dual objectives: i) To safeguard and promote the unity of the country ii) Accommodate regional diversity.

BANKS keep only a small proportion of their deposits as cash with themselves. Banks in India, these days hold about 15 per cent of their deposits as cash.

• This is kept as a provision to the depositors who might come to withdraw money from the bank on any given day.
• Banks use the major portion of the deposits to extend loans. There is a great demand for loans for various economic activities. In this way, banks mediate between those who have surplus funds and those who are in need of these funds.
• Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than what they offer on deposits.
• The difference between what is charged from the borrowers and what is paid to depositors is their main source of income.

Banks use a major portion of the deposits to extend loans to people for various economic activities. The interest rates on loans are much higher than what the bank charges on the deposits it has. Therefore, the difference between what is charged from the borrowers and what is paid to the depositors is the source of income of the banks.

As we all know, we, Indians were under the British imperial rule during the pre independent period.. we are also familiar with the fact that all the Raw materials were exported from India to England in order to process them in the industries present in England and make them into finished goods.. Hence, London is called as a finishing centre.

Civil Disobedience Movement • February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation movement. He felt the movement was turning violent in many places and satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggle. • When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted by the slogan ‘Go back Simon. All parties including the Congress and the Muslim League, participated in the demonstrations. • October 1929, a round table conference to discuss a future constitution. • December 1929, Jawahar Lal Nehru demanded Purana Swaraj’ or full independence for India. • It was declared that 26 January 1930, would be celebrated as the Independence Day when people were to take a pledge to struggle for complete independence. 1. The Salt March— • Gandhiji found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite the nation. • On 31 January 1930, Gandhiji sent a letter to Irwin stating eleven demands. The most important demand was to abolish salt tax. • Gandhiji gave an ultimatum that if the demands were not fulfilled by 11 March, the Congress would launch a civil disobedience campaign, but the Irwin was unwilling to negotiate. • Mahatma Gandhi started his famous Salt march over 240 miles from Sabarmati to Dandi. • Thousands from different parts of the country broke the salt law, manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of government factories.

Civil disobedience is the active, professed refusal of a citizen to obey certain laws, demands, orders or commands of a government. By some definitions, civil disobedience has to be nonviolent to be called "civil". Hence, civil disobedience is sometimes equated with peaceful protests or nonviolent resistance. On March 12, 1930, Indian independence leader Mohandas Gandhi begins a defiant march to the sea in protest of the British monopoly on salt, his boldest act of civil disobedience yet against British rule in India. Britain's Salt Acts prohibited Indians from collecting or selling salt, a staple in the Indian diet.

The Non-cooperation movement was withdrawn because of the Chauri Chaura incident. Although he had stopped the national revolt single-handedly, on 10 March 1922, Gandhi was arrested. ... This led to suppression of the movement and was followed by the arrest of other leaders. A section of the big business remained sceptical towards the movement. They seemed to be afraid of labour unrest in their factories. People had not learnt or fully understood the method of non-violence. Violent incident in Chauri-Chaura in February 1922 marred the spirit of the movement.

Satyagraha is the idea of non-violent resistance (fighting with peace) started by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (also known as "Mahatma" Gandhi). Gandhi used satyagraha in the Indian independence movement and also during his earlier struggle in South Africa. Satyagraha or holding onto truthor truth force – is a particular form of nonviolent resistance or civil resistance. Someone who practices satyagraha is a satyagrahi. The term satyagraha was coined and developed by Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948).

On 10th March 1920 the Khilafat Conference met at Calcutta and decided upon Non-cooperation as the best weapon to further the object of their agitation...the Non-cooperation commenced on 1st August 1920. Non-Cooperation movement was started by Gandhi Ji in 1920 to drive the Britishers out of the country and Khilafat movement was organised under the leadership of Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali (popularly known as Ali brothers), Abul Kalam Azad, Hasrat Mohani and others to force the British government to undo the injustice done to the Sultan of Turkey.

(i) The electronics industry covers a wide range of products from transistor sets to television, telephones, cellular telecom, papers, telephone exchange,radars, computers and many other equipment required by the

telecommunication industries. Bangalore is the electronic capital of India.Other centres are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata,Lucknow and Coimbatore.

(ii) 18 Software Technology Parks provide single window service and high data communication facility to software experts.

(iii) This industry has played a significant role in generating employment. Upto 31 March 2005, the IT industry employed over one million persons. This number has been increasing fast year after year.

(iv) This industry has been a major foreign exchange earner in the last two or three years because of its fast growing Business Processes Outsourcing (BPO) sector.

(v) The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to the success of Information Technology industry in the country.

(i) Spread of fertilizer industry rests on raw materials ie, coal, petroleum and natural gas and hence it is located near to it.
(ii) After Green Revolution it is expanded to many parts of the country where agricultural prosperity is achieved.
(iii) Fertilizer can be transported through pipelines to far off places which causes decentralization.

Cement is manufactured through a closely controlled chemical combination of calcium, silicon, aluminum, iron and other ingredients. Common materials used to manufacture cement include limestone, shells, and chalk or marl combined with shale, clay, slate, blast furnace slag, silica sand, and iron ore. Limestone is the primary raw material for the cement industry and important for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace.

Chemical industry contributes to 3% of GDP and is the third largest in Asia. The dependency on chemical industries in terms of contribution to GDP, establishing large scale and small units in both organic and inorganic sector and use of chemicals by other industries make it a fast growing and diversifying industry. The Chemical Industry in India is fast growing and diversifying, contributing approximately 3 per cent of the GDP. It is one of the third largest industries in Asia and occupies the twelfth place in the world in terms of its size.

• Economists suggest that the values of goods and services should be used rather than adding up the actual numbers. The value of goods and seivices in the three sectors are calculated and thep added up.
• Not every good (or service), that is produced and sold, needs to be counted. It makes sense only to include final goods and services.
  For example: A farmer sells wheat to a flour mill for ? 8 per kg. The mill grinds the wheat and sells the flour to a biscuit company for ? 10 per kg. The biscuit company uses flour, sugar and oil to make the packets of biscuits. It sells biscuits in the market to the consumer for ? 15 per packet. Now, biscuits are the final goods, i.e., goods that reach the consumer.
• Intermediate goods are used up in producing final goods and services. The value of final goods already includes the value of all the intermediate goods that are used in making the final goods.
  So, the value of final goods and services produced in each sector during a particular year, provides the total production of the sector for that year. And the sum of production in three sectors gives us the ‘Gross.Domestic Product or GDP’.

The Kharif cropping season starts with the onset of the Indian subcontinent’s monsoon. Kharif crops are typically sown at the beginning of the first monsoon rains (depends on region to region). Harvesting season begins from the 3rd week of September to October (the exact harvesting dates differ from region to region).

Power sharing is the need in democracy because of the following:

• It helps in reducing the possibility of conflict between the social groups. Since social conflict often leads to violence and political instability, power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order.
• It gives people the right to be consulted on how they should be governed and all the citizens tend to have the same political and legal rights.

Thus, it can be said that power sharing is the spirit of democracy.

Also, though it may seem that dividing of powers means dividing the nation or for that matter weakening the country, however the above reasons prove that in the long run it assists in building the unity of the nation.

During the time period from 1830 to 1848 many revolutions took place because since the conservative reation after 1815 many monarchichal and despotic regimes were reestablished all over Europe. However, the ideals of nationalism, republicanism and liberalism had already been instilled in the people of Europe. This led to a major churning of nationalist aspirations among the multi-lingual and multi-ethnic states of Europe. Different nations started to demand thier own states with republican rule. This led to many insurrections against the monarchical and conservative rule all over Europe between 1830 to 1848.

For instance,

1. The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830. The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head.
2. The Greek war of Independence that started in 1821. Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many West Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture. Finally, Greece gained its independence in 1832 after the Treaty of Constantinople recognised Greece as one.

The important ingredients of modern industry are:
a) Well-developed machines
b) Materials required
c) Neat and Clean work
d) Easy methods
e) Artificial chemicals

Defection is an act of changing party allegiance from the party on which a person got elected (to a Legislative body) to a different party. Earlier it has been an important cause for the formation as well as fall of government. MLAs and MPs were indulging in defection in order to become ministers or for cash rewards. Later on the Constitution was amended and defection has been banned by passing ‘Anti Defection Law’.
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A Political Party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. They agree on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promote the collective good. Parties reflect fundamental political divisions in a society. Thus, a party is known by which part it stands for, which policies it supports and whose interests it upholds. A political party has three components:

• The leaders
• The active members
• The followers

The Simon Commission was constituted in order to study constitutional reform in India which was then the most important colonial possession of the British Empire. The Indians rejected the Simon Commission as it did not have even a single Indian member within its fold and hence could not be expected to represent or even take into account the concerns of the Indian populace.

Conservatism is a political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition, established institutions and customs. It also laid stress on gradual development as opposed to revolutionary change. Following are some of the salient points of conservatism:

1. Conservatives believe that traditional institutions like the church, social hierarchies, property and the family should be preserved against all forces of change.
2. Many conservatives even saw forces of modernism strengthening traditional institutions like monarchy.
3. Around 1815, the conservative regimes in Europe were largely autocratic. They did not tolerate democratic thought, political criticism or dissent. They often put restrictions on activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocracy and imposed censorship laws on newspapers, books, plays and songs that promoted ideas of liberty and freedom.

A major step towards decentralization was taken in 1992. The Constitution was amended to make the third-tier of democracy more powerful and effective. The provisions of Constitutional Amendment are as follows: 

• To hold regular elections under the local government bodies has been made compulsory. 
• Reservation of seats for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other backward classes in the elected bodies. 
• One third i.e., 33 percent seats are to be reserved for women.