The different forms of power-sharing in modern democracies are:

•  Horizontal Division of Power- It is the sharing of power among the different organs of government, for example, power sharing by the executive, the Legislature and the Judiciary. In this type of power-sharing arrangement, different organs of government, placed at the same level, exercised different powers. Such a separation ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power, thereby putting a check on each other.
•  Vertical Division of Power- It is a system of power sharing among governments at different levels. For example, a general government for the entire country and governments at provincial or regional levels. In India, we refer to it as the Central Government, State Governments, Municipality, Gram Panchayat etc. The Constitution lays down the powers of different levels of government.
•  Division of Power among different Social Groups- Power can also be shared among different groups which differ socially like different religious and linguistic groups. ‘Community Government’ in Belgium is a good example of this type of power sharing. The system of reserved constituencies in India is another example. Such an arrangement is used to give minority communities a fair share in power, who otherwise would feel alienated from the government.
• Division of Power among Political Parties, Pressure Groups, and Movements- In contemporary democracies such a division takes the form of competition among different parties, which in turn ensures that power does not remain in one hand and is shared among different political parties representing different ideologies and social groups.

Duke Metternich was the Chancellor of Austria.
* He told the statement :
* When France sneezes, Europe catches cold.
*He considered Guisepe Mazanni as the greatest enemy of their.

The food chain starts with producers which produce their own food say microscopic phytoplankton. than comes the primary consumers which feed on the producers say tadpoles. than are the secondary consumer who feed on primary consumers say fishes. than finally the decomposers who feed on the dead bodies of these consumers say fungi. 

An ecosystem which is created by human beings and did not exist naturally is artificial ecosystem.

Example- Forests, ponds are natural ecosystem and gardens, crop fields are artificial ecosystem.

Power-sharing is desirable due to the following reasons

• It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict and clashes between social groups.
• Secondly, a democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise, and who have to live with its effects.
• People will have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed and can change the power in the next upcoming years.

Liberalisation of trade and investment policies has helped the globalisation process by making foreign trade and investment easier. Earlier, several developing countries had placed barriers and restrictions on imports and investments from abroad to protect domestic production. However, to improve the quality of domestic goods, these countries have removed the barriers. Thus, liberalisation has led to a further spread of globalisation because now businesses are allowed to make their own decisions on imports and exports. This has led to a deeper integration of national economies into one conglomerate whole.

"The impact of globalisation has not been uniform". It has only benefitted skilled and professional person in urban not the unskilled persons. The industrial and service sector has gained much in globalisation than in agriculture. It benefitted MNCs on domestic producers and the industrial working class. Small producers of goods such as batteries, capacitors, plastics, toys, tyres, dairy products and vegetable oil have been hit hard by competition from cheaper imports.

On August 7 1906 the Indian flag was hosted during Swadeshi Movement at Parsee Bagan Square at Green Park at Kolkata .

Jute is called golden fibre.
(2) Geographical conditions for its cultivation are as follows :
(i) Jute grows well in well-drained fertile soils of the flood plains where the soil is renewed every year.
(ii) High temperature is required during the time of growth.
(3) It grows well on well-drained fertile soils in the flood plains.
(4) Therefore, it is grown in West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Odisha and Meghalaya.
Uses : It can be used to manufacture gunny bags, mats, ropes, yam, carpets and other artifacts.

(i) Temperature : It is a tree of the tropical forests, and requires a constant high temperature above 25°C. Thus, the rubber tree cannot be grown at high altitudes.
(ii) Rainfall : It needs heavy and well distributed rainfall throughout the year. The plant needs rainfall more than 200 cm.
(iii) Soil: The plant requires alluvial or laterite soil. Areas of Production :
India ranks fifth among the world’s natural rubber producers. The state of Kerala is the largest producer of rubber in India. Kerala accounts for about 91% of the total area under rubber plantation. Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and The Andaman and Nicobar islands including the Garo Hills of the Himalayas are the other producers

(i) Temperature : It is a kharif crop which requires high temperature, and high humidity. This means monthly temperature of about 25°C with minor variation during the sowing, growing and harvesting season, is suitable for the growth of the plant.
(ii) Rainfall : Rice needs abundant rainfall, i.e., more than 100 cm. It can grow in areas with less rainfall, but with assured irrigation. Rice is grown in Punjab and Haryana with the help of irrigation.
(iii) Soil : Rice can grow in a variety of soils including silts, loams and gravels, but it is grown best in alluvial soil with a sub-soil of impervious clay. Areas of production : Rice is cultivated in almost all the states of India, but most of its cultivation is concentrated in the river valleys, deltas of rivers and the coastal plains.
The main rice producing states are West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Odisha, Karnataka, Assam and Maharashtra.

1) parts of trees are cut and burnt in rotation.

2)seeds are sown in the ashes after the first monsoon rainfall,its harvested in september-october.

3) the land is cultivated for a couple of years or till it retains its fertility the land is left fallow.

The Atlas method is a method used by the World Bank since 1993 to estimate the size of economies in terms of gross national income (GNI) in U.S. dollars. United Nation's Development Report is a ranking system which ranks 188 countries while World Bank classifies countries into 4 groups. World Bank depends on Acreage income (per capita income) for classifying countries while UNDP uses education and health indicators along with income.

Body Mass Index (BMI):
Step 1 : Weight of person in kgand height in metres is taken.
Step 2 : Divide the weight by the square of the height.
BMI = Weight/(height)²

Step 3 :
If BMI < 18.5, then person is undernourished.
If BMI > 25, then person is overweight. (Note : This criterion is not applicable to growing children)

Yes it will hide disparities.
Because a person owning a car in India is consider to be a rich but a person not owning a car in USA is said to be a poor
If a few will have much resources within their hands and more people will be in poverty the how could that country be a rich country.

“National development is the total effect of all citizen forces and addition to the stock of physical, human resources, knowledge and skill.” ADVERTISEMENTS: United Nations Decade Report has defined it as: “National development is growth plus change. National development is a comprehensive term which includes improvement in living standard of the people, increase in per capita income, providing social amenities like education,medical care, social services, etc. to the citizens of the country.

Besides income, For development people look at mix of goals because money can only buy materialist things.

For example: 1.)if there is respect for women, there would be more sharing of housework and greater acceptance of women working outside.

2.) A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs to run their businesses.

Therefore people have mixed goals which means they have such kind of goals where they desire security, respect, freedom as money cannot buy non-materialist things.

Conflicting Goals : What may be development for some may become destruction for some others. Example : Industrialists may want dams for electricity but such dams would displace the natives of a region by submerging their land.

The Indian government removed barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment because it felt that competition would improve the performance of producers within the country since they would have to improve their quality.

The UK and USA have...............party system.

two party

Planning is necessary for proper and judicious utilisation of resources.
Reasons for resource planning:

1. Resource availability is not the same in all parts of the country.
2. Resources, especially non-renewable resources, need extra care as they Cannot be renewed.
3. There is acute shortage or deficiency of some resources.
4. Resource planning helps in proper utilisation of resources by reducing wastage. It takes care of future needs and may sustain the environment.

The role of women in nationalist struggles. Women played a very important role in nationalist struggles all over the world. They participated equally mostly in every movements. They faced torture of police but still they stood by their male counterparts. A large number of women participated actively in the political matters over the year. Sometimes they led the movements also, formed many political associations, founded newspapers and took part in political meetings and demonstrations. The most famous example is the French revolution where women participated equally as men. Liberty is personified as a women and also liberal nationalism proposed the idea of universal suffrage, leading to women's active participation in nationalist movements in Europe. So, on 18 May 1848, when the Constitution was drafted in the Frankfurt Parliament the controversial issue of the extending political rights to women was raised. Still women were deprived of suffrage during the election of the assembly and they were admitted in the Frankfurt Parliament Assembly only as spectators. But this did not diminish their contribution to the national struggle. Delphine De Girardin, an educated woman, criticized by saying that if servants doing the household work were granted the right to vote then why not women who are mothers, housewives managing everything at home. Women were given little or no political rights, right to vote etc. till the end of 19th century.

If there are no political parties in a democracy: 

(1) Every candidate in the elections will be independent. 

(2) No one will make promises to the people about any major policy change. 

(3) The government may be formed, but its utility will remain be uncertain. 

(4) Elected representatives will be accountable to their constituency only or locality only.

1) Every party has their own agenda, points and issues in the election.
2) They provide a variety of choices to public.

3) They create a platform for pressure groups to put their demands.
4) With the helping power sharing concept, they help to form the government.
5) For example; Shiv Sena, Janta Dal United, etc.